Operating Systems
By
Dr Tariq
(Lecture 1)
1
Description
What the course is about
This course gives concept of OS functions, design and
implementation (how they are used and implemented)
Topics include
Processes, Threats, scheduling, memory management
Concurrency, synchronization, file systems
Device management and security
2
Text Book
Operating System Concepts Ninth Edition
by
Avi Silberschatz, Peter Baer,
GalvinGreg Gagne
3
Grade Composition
4 Quiz
4 Assignments
Midterm exam (20%)
Presentation
Final exam (60%)
• All assignments are to be your own work.
• No group projects or assignments are allowed.
• Exams are closed-book.
Attend all lectures! 4
Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 1: Introduction
What is an Operating System?
Computer-System Organization
Operating-System Structure
Operating-System Operations
Process Management
Memory Management
Storage Management
Protection and Security
Kernel Data Structures
Computing Environments
Open-Source Operating Systems
Computer-System Architecture
Objectives
To describe the basic organization of computer systems
To provide a grand tour of the major components of
operating systems
To give an overview of the many types of computing
environments
To explore several open-source operating systems
What is an Operating System?
A program that acts as an intermediary between a user of
a computer and the computer hardware
Operating system goals:
Execute user programs and make solving user problems
easier
Make the computer system convenient to use
Use the computer hardware in an efficient manner
Computer System Structure
Computer system can be divided into four components:
Hardware – provides basic computing resources
CPU, memory, I/O devices
Operating system
Controls and coordinates use of hardware among various applications
and users
Application programs – define the ways in which the system
resources are used to solve the computing problems of the users
Word processors, compilers, web browsers, database systems, video
games
Users
People, machines, other computers
Four Components of a Computer System
What Operating Systems Do
The operating system controls the hardware and coordinates its
use among the various application programs for the various
users.
We can also view a computer system as consisting of hardware,
software, and data.
The operating system provides the means for proper use of these
resources in the operation of the computer system.
It provides an environment within which other programs can do
useful work.
To understand more fully the operating system's role, we explore
operating systems from two viewpoints:
The user
The system.
User View
The user's view of the computer varies according to the interface
being used
Single user computers (e.g., PC, workstations). Such
systems are designed for one user to control its
resources. The goal is to maximize the work (or play)
that the user is performing. the operating system is
designed mostly for ease of use and good
performance.
Multi user computers (e.g., mainframes, computing
servers). These users share resources and may
exchange information. The operating system in such
cases is designed to maximize resource utilization -- to
assure that all available CPU time, memory, and I/O
are used efficiently.
User View (Cont.)
Handheld computers (e.g., smartphones and tablets). The
user interface for mobile computers generally features a
touch screen. The systems are resource poor, optimized for
usability and battery life.
Embedded computers (e.g., computers in home devices and
automobiles) The user interface may have numeric keypads
and may turn indicator lights on or off to show status. The
operating systems are designed primarily to run without user
intervention.
System View
From the computer's point of view, the operating system is the
program most intimately involved with the hardware. There are two
different views:
The operating system is a resource allocator
Manages all resources
Decides between conflicting requests for efficient and
fair resource use
The operating systems is a control program
Controls execution of programs to prevent errors and
improper use of the computer
Defining Operating System
No universally accepted definition of what an OS:
Operating systems exist to offer a reasonable way to
solve the problem of creating a usable computing system.
The fundamental goal of computer systems is to execute
user programs and to make solving user problems easier.
Since bare hardware alone is not particularly easy to use,
application programs are developed.
These programs require certain common operations, such as
those controlling the I/O devices.
The common functions of controlling and allocating
resources are brought together into one piece of software:
the operating system.
Defining Operating System (Cont.)
No universally accepted definition of what is part of the OS:
A more common definition, and the one that we
usually follow, is that the operating system is the
one program running at all times on the
computer -- usually called the kernel.
Along with the kernel, there are two other types
of programs:
System programs, which are associated with the
operating system but are not necessarily part of the
kernel.
Application programs, which include all programs
not associated with the operation of the system.
Defining Operating System (Cont.)
No universally accepted definition of what is part of the OS:
A more common definition, and the one that we
usually follow, is that the operating system is the
one program running at all times on the
computer -- usually called the kernel.
Along with the kernel, there are two other types
of programs:
System programs, which are associated with the
operating system but are not necessarily part of the
kernel.
Application programs, which include all programs
not associated with the operation of the system.
