Introduction To IT
Lecture 01
By Malik M Ali
Marks Distribution
First Hourly Second Hourly Final Exam 15 Marks 15 Marks 35 Marks
Quizzes
Class Participation
10 Marks (5)
05 Marks
Reading Assign (Presentation) Course Assignment
10 Marks 10 Marks
The father of computer
Charles Babbage (1791-1871) Designed Analytical Engine (1833)
First digital general purpose computer Mechanical programmable computer Can do computations, decision making, had input, storage, processor/mill and output. Contains all theoretical components of modern computers Can give output via print out, can store information in the form of punched cards
Lady Ada The Countess Of Lovelace (1815 1852)
Regarded as worlds first computer programmer Died of cancer at the age of 36 In 1970s US Department Of Defence designed a new programming language and gave it the name Ada in her honour.
What are computers good at?
Very fast at calculations Can do repetitive tasks without getting bored with 100% accuracy Dont forget and have huge storage compared to humans. One can store millions and millions of books in just one computer.
What are computers not good at?
Pattern recognition Can not pull data out of their storage instantly Can not come up with innovative new ideas. We give ideas to computer and they process our requests at very high speeds 1997 deep blue defeated world chess champion Garry Kasparov who is considered the best chess expert of All Times in the history of man kind. The match was controversial !!!
Some Key events in computing
1904 invention of vacuum tube by John Fleming 1936 Advent of Turing machine. A theoretical computing machine. Proposed by Sir Alan Turing. Able to solve many computing problems. The idea of Turing Test 1939 ABC (The Attanasoff Berry computer) Although it was a general purpose computer but mainly used for solving simultaneous linear equations. The first electronic computer built ever.
Some Key events in computing
1946 ENIAC Electronic digital computer Built for US department of Defense Used 19000 vacuum tubes Weighed approximately 30 tonnes Size is 9/80 feet 150 kilo watt electricity required 1950 Invention of floppy disk Invented by Imperial University Of Tokyo by Yoshiro Nakamats
Some Key events in computing
1952 Grace Hopper invented compiler 1975 Altair 8800 The first personal computer
used intel 8080 microprocessor Used 256 bytes memory 1976 Cray 1 The first super computer 167 million operations per second 1981 IBM PC (along with DOS Operating system)
Some Key events in computing
1984 Apple Machintosh was introduced. The first user friendly machine which used mouse along with the key board for input.
Generations
First Generation Computers: Vacuum Tubes 1939-1956 Second Generation Computers: Transistors (1956-1963)
Transistors replaced vacuum tubes as they were Smaller in size More reliable Cheaper Less power required
Third Generation Computers: Integrated Circuits (1964-1971) Fourth Generation Computers: Microprocessors (1971 to date) Fifth Generation Computers: Which thing is going to replace transistors???
Classification Of Computers
Mobile computers Micro computers Mini computers/Servers Mainframe computers Super computers
Classification Of Computers
Mobile computers
Lap top computers/note books Palm top computers/PDAs Wearable computers
Desktop Systems Workstations
Micro computer
Classification Of Computers
Mini Computers/Servers:
Almost Vanished Servers are used instead of mini computers Memory is in Giga bytes Storage in Terabytes
Classification Of Computers
Mainframe computers:
Enterprise servers used by multiple people with multiple tasks. Highly reliable Dont need to switch off while upgrade
Classification Of Computers
Super Computers:
Consists on the best technology available at the time Able to do extremely complex tasks Able to focus all of their recourses and capabilities to solve a given problem Have several thousand microprocessors connected on their boards.
Essential components of computing
Software System software Application software Hardware Input Processor Memory Storage Output Bus
Chapter 1A
Introducing Computer Systems
The Computer Defined
Electronic device Converts data into information Modern computers are digital
Two digits combine to make data A range of values made data
Older computers were analog
Computers For Individual Use
Desktop computers
The most common type of computer Sits on the desk or floor Performs a variety of tasks
Specialized computers Optimized for science or graphics More powerful than a desktop
Workstations
Computers For Individual Use
Notebook computers
Small portable computers Weighs between 3 and 8 pounds About 8 by 11 inches Typically as powerful as a desktop
Computers For Individual Use
Tablet computers
Newest development in portable computers Input is through a pen Run specialized versions of office products
Computers For Individual Use
Handheld computers
Very small computers Personal Digital Assistants (PDA) Note taking or contact management Data can synchronize with a desktop
Hybrid of cell phone and PDA Web surfing, e-mail access
Smart phones
Computers For Organizations
Network servers
Centralized computer All other computers connect Provides access to network resources Multiple servers are called server farms Often simply a powerful desktop
Computers For Organizations
Mainframes
Used in large organizations Handle thousands of users Users access through a terminal
Computers For Organizations
Minicomputers
Called midrange computers Power between mainframe and desktop Handle hundreds of users Used in smaller organizations Users access through a terminal
Computers For Organizations
Supercomputers
The most powerful computers made Handle large and complex calculations Process trillions of operations per second Found in research organizations
Computers In Society
More impact than any other invention
Changed work and leisure activities
Provide information to users Information is critical to our society Managing information is difficult
Computers are important because:
Computers In Society
Computers at home
Many homes have multiple computers Most American homes have Internet Computers are used for
Business Entertainment Communication Education
Computers In Society
Computers in education
Computer literacy required at all levels
Makes businesses more profitable Allows owners to manage Computers are used to design products Assembly lines are automated
Computers in small business
Computers in industry
Computers In Society
Computers in government
Necessary to track data for population
Police officers Tax calculation and collection
Governments were the first computer users
Computers In Society
Computers in health care
Revolutionized health care New treatments possible Scheduling of patients has improved Delivery of medicine is safer
Chapter 1B
Looking Inside the Computer System
Parts of the Computer System
Computer systems have four parts
Hardware Software Data User
Parts of the Computer System
Hardware
Mechanical devices in the computer Anything that can be touched
Tell the computer what to do Also called a program Thousands of programs exist
Software
Parts of the Computer System
Data
Pieces of information Computer organize and present data
People operating the computer Most important part Tell the computer what to do
Users
Information Processing Cycle
Steps followed to process data Input Processing Output Storage
Essential Computer Hardware
Computers use the same basic hardware Hardware categorized into four types
Essential Computer Hardware
Processing devices
Brains of the computer Carries out instructions from the program Manipulate the data Most computers have several processors Central Processing Unit (CPU) Secondary processors Processors made of silicon and copper
Essential Computer Hardware
Memory devices
Stores data or programs Random Access Memory (RAM)
Volatile Stores current data and programs More RAM results in a faster system Permanent storage of programs Holds the computer boot directions
Read Only Memory (ROM)
Essential Computer Hardware
Input and output devices
Allows the user to interact Input devices accept data
Keyboard, mouse Monitor, printer, speaker
Output devices deliver data
Some devices are input and output
Touch screens
Essential Computer Hardware
Storage devices
Hold data and programs permanently Different from RAM Magnetic storage
Floppy and hard drive Uses a magnet to access data CD and DVD drives Uses a laser to access data
Optical storage
Difference b/w storage & memory
There is more room in storage than in memory Contents are retained in storage when computer is turned off, whereas programs or the data in memory disappear when you shut down the computer Storage devices operate much slower than memory chips Storage is much cheaper than memory
Software Runs The Machine
Tells the computer what to do Reason people purchase computers Two types
System software Application software
Software Runs The Machine
System software
Most important software Operating system
Windows XP Windows Server 2003
Network operating system (OS)
Utility
Symantec AntiVirus
Software Runs The Machine
Application software
Accomplishes a specific task Most common type of software
Word processing softwares Spreadsheets Database management softwares Presentation softwares Graphics programs Entertainment & education software
Covers most common uses of computers
Computer data
Fact with no meaning on its own Stored using the binary number system Data can be organized into files File: a file is a set of data that has been given a name. A file that the user can open and use is often called a document.
Computer users
Role depends on ability
Setup the system Install software Mange files Maintain the system
Run with no user input Automated systems
Userless computers
