INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER
SECURITY
Paul Mutinda Kathale
Email: paulkathale@gmail.com
1
Introduction to Security
Outline
1. Examples – Security in Practice
2. What is „Security?”
3. Pillars of Security:
Confidentiality, Integrity, Availability
(CIA)
4. Vulnerabilities, Threats, and Controls
5. Attackers
6. How to React to an Exploit?
7. Methods of Defense
8. Principles of Computer Security
2
Computer Security
This is a study, which is a branch of
Computer Science, focusing on creating a
secure environment for the use of
computers.
It is a focus on the “behavior of users,”
and the protocols in order to create a
secure environment for anyone using
computers.
3
Security? What is that?
Lock the doors and windows and you are secure
NOT
Call the police when you feel insecure
Really?
End result: Complete computer security is unattainable, it
is a cat and mouse game
Similar to crime vs. law enforcement
4
Goals of Computer Security
Integrity:
Guarantee that the data is what we expect
Confidentiality
The information must just be accessible to the authorized people
Availability
Service is available to users whenever they need
Reliability
Computers should work without having unexpected problems
Authentication
Guarantee that only authorized persons can access to the
resources
5
Computer Security Issues
Vulnerability is a point where a system is
susceptible to attack.
A threat is a possible danger to the system. The
danger might be a person (a system cracker or a
spy), a thing (a faulty piece of equipment), or an
event (a fire or a flood) that might exploit a
vulnerability of the system.
Countermeasures are techniques for protecting
your system
6
Security Basics
What does it mean to be secure?
“Include protection of information from theft or corruption, or the
preservation of availability, as defined in the security policy.” - The
Wikipedia
Types of Security
Network Security
System and software security
Physical Security
Very little in computing is inherently secure, you must
protect yourself!
7
Critical Infrastructure Areas
Include:
Telecommunications
Electrical power systems
Water supply systems
Gas and oil pipelines
Transportation
Government services
Emergency services
Banking and finance
…
8
2. What is a “Secure” Computer System?
To decide whether a computer system is “secure”, you must
first decide what “secure” means to you, then identify the
threats you care about.
You Will Never Own a Perfectly Secure System!
Threats - examples
Viruses, trojan horses, etc.
Denial of Service
Stolen Customer Data
Modified Databases - SQL Injections
Identity Theft and other threats to personal privacy
Equipment Theft
Espionage in cyberspace
Hack-tivism
Cyberterrorism
…
9
3. Basic Components of Security:
Confidentiality, Integrity, Availability (CIA)
CIA
Confidentiality: Who is authorized to use data? C I
Integrity: Is data „good?” S
Availability: Can access data whenever need it?
A
S = Secure
CIA or CIAAAN…
(other security components added to CIA)
Authentication
Authorization
Non-repudiation
…
10
Need to Balance
CIA
Example 1: C vs. I+A
Disconnect computer from Internet to increase confidentiality
Availability suffers, integrity suffers due to lost updates
Example 2: I vs. C+A
Have extensive data checks by different people/systems to
increase integrity
Confidentiality suffers as more people see data, availability
suffers due to locks on data under verification)
11
Confidentiality
“Need to know” basis for data access
How do we know who needs what data?
Approach: access control specifies who can access
what
How do we know a user is the person she claims to be?
Need her identity and need to verify this identity
Approach: identification and authentication
Analogously: “Need to access/use” basis for physical
assets
E.g., access to a computer room, use of a desktop
Confidentiality is:
difficult to ensure
easiest to assess in terms of success (binary in nature:
12
Integrity
Integrity vs. Confidentiality
Concerned with unauthorized modification of assets (=
resources)
Confidentiality - concered with access to assets
Integrity is more difficult to measure than confidentiality
Not binary – degrees of integrity
Context-dependent - means different things in different
contexts
Could mean any subset of these asset properties:
{ precision / accuracy / currency / consistency /
meaningfulness / usefulness / ...}
13
Availability
We can say that an asset (resource) is
available if:
Timely request response
Fair allocation of resources (no starvation!)
Fault tolerant (no total breakdown)
Easy to use in the intended way
Provides controlled concurrency (concurrency
control, deadlock control, ...)
[Pfleeger &
Pfleeger]
14
4. Vulnerabilities, Threats, and Controls
Understanding Vulnerabilities, Threats, and Controls
Vulnerability = a weakness in a security system
Threat = circumstances that have a potential to cause harm
Controls = means and ways to block a threat, which tries to
exploit one or more vulnerabilities
Most of the class discusses various controls and their effectiveness
[Pfleeger & Pfleeger]
15
Attack (materialization of a vulnerability/threat combination)
= exploitation of one or more vulnerabilities by a threat; tries to defeat
controls
Attack may be:
Successful (a.k.a. an exploit)
resulting in a breach of security, a system penetration, etc.
Unsuccessful
when controls block a threat trying to exploit a vulnerability
16
Kinds of Threats
Kinds of threats:
Interception
an unauthorized party (human or not) gains access to
an asset
Interruption
an asset becomes lost, unavailable, or unusable
Modification
an unauthorized party changes the state of an asset
Fabrication
an unauthorized party counterfeits an asset
[Pfleeger & Pfleeger]
17
Software Level of Vulnerabilities / Threats
Software Deletion
Easy to delete needed software by mistake
To prevent this: use configuration management
software
Software Modification
Trojan Horses, , Viruses, Logic Bombs,
Trapdoors, Information Leaks (via covert
channels), ...
Software Theft
Unauthorized copying
18
Data Level of Vulnerabilities / Threats
How valuable is your data?
Credit card info vs. your home phone number
Source code
Visible data vs. context
„2345” -> Phone extension or a part of SSN?
Adequate protection
Cryptography
Good if intractable for a long time
Threat of Identity Theft
Cf. Federal Trade Commission: http://www.consumer.gov/idtheft/ \
19
Types of Attacks on Data CIA
Disclosure
Attack on data confidentiality
Unauthorized modification / deception
E.g., providing wrong data (attack on data integrity)
Disruption
DoS (attack on data availability)
Usurpation
Unauthorized use of services (attack on data confidentiality, integrity
or availability)
20
5. Attackers
Attackers need MOM
Method
Skill, knowledge, tools, etc. with which to pull off an attack
Opportunity
Time and access to accomplish an attack
Motive
Reason to perform an attack
21
Types of Attackers
Types of Attackers - Classification 1
Amateurs
Opportunistic attackers (use a password they found)
Script kiddies
Hackers - nonmalicious
In broad use beyond security community: also malicious
Crackers – malicious
Career criminals
State-supported spies and information warriors
Types of Attackers - Classification 2 (cf. before)
Recreational hackers / Institutional hackers
Organized criminals / Industrial spies / Terrorists
National intelligence gatherers / Info warriors
22
Example: Hacking As Social Protest
Hactivism
DDOS attacks on government agencies
SPAM attacks as “retaliation”
23
6. Reacting to an Exploit
Exploit = successful attack
Report to the vendor first?
Report it to the public?
What will be public relations effects if you do/do not?
24
“To Report or Not To Report:”
Tension between Personal Privacy
and Public Responsibility
An info tech company will typically lose between
ten and one hundred times more money from
shaken consumer confidence than the hack attack
itself represents if they decide to prosecute the
case.
Mike Rasch, VP Global Security, testimony before the
Senate Appropriations Subcommittee, February 2000
reported in The Register and online testimony transcript
25
Further Reluctance to Report
One common fear is that a crucial piece of equipment,
like a main server, say, might be impounded for
evidence by over-zealous investigators, thereby
shutting the company down.
Estimate: fewer than one in ten serious intrusions are
ever reported to the authorities.
Mike Rasch, VP Global Security, testimony before the Senate
Appropriations Subcommittee, February 2000
reported in The Register and online testimony transcript
Barbara Edicott-Popovsky and Deborah Frincke, CSSE592/492, U. Washington]
26
How can you achieve security?
Many techniques exist for ensuring computer and
network security
Cryptography
Secure networks
Antivirus software
Firewalls
In addition, users have to practice “safe
computing”
Not downloading from unsafe websites
Not opening attachments
Not trusting what you see on websites
Avoiding Scams
27
7. Methods of Defense
Five basic approaches to defense of
computing systems
Prevent attack
Block attack / Close vulnerability
Deter attack
Make attack harder (can’t make it impossible )
Deflect attack
Make another target more attractive than this
target
Detect attack
During or after
Recover from attack
28
A) Controls
Castle in Middle Ages Computers Today
Location with natural Encryption
obstacles Software controls
Drawbridge Hardware controls
Heavy walls Policies and procedures
Arrow slits
Physical controls
Strong gate
Tower
Guards / passwords
29
Multiple controls in computing systems can include:
system perimeter – defines “inside/outside”
preemption – attacker scared away
deterrence – attacker could not overcome defenses
faux environment (e.g. honeypot, sandbox) – attack
deflected towards a worthless target (but the attacker
doesn’t know about it!)
Note layered defense /
multilevel defense / defense in depth (ideal!)
30
A.1) Controls: Encryption
Cleartext scambled into ciphertext (enciphered text)
Protects CIA:
confidentiality – by “masking” data
integrity – by preventing data updates
e.g., checksums included
availability – by using encryption-based protocols
e.g., protocols ensure availablity of resources for
different users
31
Controls: Policies and Procedures
Policy vs. Procedure
Policy: What is/what is not allowed
Procedure: How you enforce policy
Advantages of policy/procedure controls:
Can replace hardware/software controls
Can be least expensive
Be careful to consider all costs
E.g. help desk costs often ignored for for passwords (=> look cheap
but migh be expensive)
32
Policy - must consider:
Alignment with users’ legal and ethical standards
Probability of use (e.g. due to inconvenience)
Inconvenient: 200 character password,
change password every week
(Can be) good: biometrics replacing passwords
Periodic reviews
As people and systems, as well as their goals, change
33
A.5) Controls: Physical Controls
Walls, locks
Guards, security cameras
Backup copies and archives
Cables and locks (e.g., for notebooks)
Natural and man-made disaster protection
Fire, flood, and earthquake protection
Accident and terrorism protection
...
34
B) Effectiveness of Controls
Awareness of problem
People convined of the need for these controls
Likelihood of use
Too complex/intrusive security tools are often disabled
Overlapping controls
>1 control for a given vulnerability
To provide layered defense – the next layer compensates for a
failure of the previous layer
Periodic reviews
A given control usually becomess less effective with time
Need to replace ineffective/inefficient controls with better ones
35
8. Principles of Computer Security
Principle of Easiest Penetration
An intruder must be expected to use any available
means of penetration.
The penetration may not necessarily be by the most obvious
means, nor is it necessarily the one against which the most
solid defense has been installed.
Principle of Adequate Protection
Computer items must be protected to a degree
consistent with their value and only until they lose
their value.
36
Principle of Effectiveness
Controls must be used—and used properly—to be
effective.
They must be efficient, easy to use, and appropriate.
Principle of Weakest Link
Security can be no stronger than its weakest link.
Whether it is the power supply that powers the firewall or
the operating system under the security application or the
human, who plans, implements, and administers controls, a
failure of any control can lead to a security failure.
37
End of Section 1:
Introduction
38
