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Chapter 1

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Chapter 1

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Princess Gail Balaoing

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Introduction to Information and

Communication Technology
CHAPTER 1
OBJECTIVES
At the end of the chapter, the students should be able to :

Goods Produced/
Manufactured Phone, Tablets,
Pagers, Others
Economic Related
Sector Services

Digital Economic
Metri

ICT
Skills and
Competencies

Phone, Tablets,
Education Devices/Tools Pagers, Includes
Computers

Pedagogies
Networks

Architecture
Business/IT Support System

Devices Phone, Tablets,

Pagers, Others
ICT: An Overview
● The International Telecommunication Union
(ITU) conducts an annual study on the
prevalence of ICT around the world. The report,
called the ICT Development Index (IDI),
includes quantitative indicators regarding ICT
access, usage, and skills in different regions and
countries. Figure 1.2 denotes the upward trend of
people needing ICTs, with the estimate that
mobile subscriptions now outnumber world
population.
IT versus ICT
● When do we use the term ICT and how does it
differ from IT?
● ICT is often used in a more general sense, and is
described as using computers and other digital
technologies to assist individuals or institutions
in handling or using information.
● ICT is technology that supports activities
involving information such as gathering,
processing, storing, and presenting data.
Increasingly, these activities also involve
collaboration and communication
IT versus ICT
● IT pertains to the industry that involves
computers, software, networking, and other
IT infrastructure to help relay or manage
information important in modern-day living
as seen primarily in large companies or
corporations.
● Simply put, IT is the subset of ICT as the
technology used in the field of It aids in the
use of ICt (Wang, 2016).
Breakdown of ICT
➔ ICT is made up of 3 words, namely INFORMATION,
COMMUNICATION, and TECHNOLOGY
➔ Information - refers to the knowledge obtained from
reading, investigation, study, or research. Some of the
tools that transit information are the telephone,
television, and radio. Not to be confused by data,
information is regarded as processed data. Computers
normally process data that are later understood as
information. For example, while typing on your laptop,
you usually punch in random letters on your keyboard
to make up words and sentences. The typing on the
keyboard is considered as input data while the words
& sentences you see in the computer monitor is an
output data
Breakdown of ICT
➔ Information - is needed to make decisions and
to foresee the future. For example, scientists can
detect the formation of a tsunami using the latest
technology and warn the public to avoid
disasters in the affected areas.
➔ Processed Information is called knowledge.
Knowledge helps fulfill daily tasks. For
example, knowledge is used to predict
tomorrow’s weather and decide if there is a need
to bring an umbrella. Knowledge is also used to
analyze the stock market and check which
company is worth investing in.
Breakdown of ICT
➔ Communication - is an act of transmitting messages. It
is a process in which information is exchanged
between individuals through verbal and non-verbal
means. In the prehistoric days, humans communicated
through signs or symbols as evidenced by cave
paintings and drawings, rock art, stone carvings, and
the like. Forms of communication have evolved
through time as communicating more and more
complex ideas has become necessary. With technology,
communication is faster, more convenient and more
efficient. When face-to-face meeting is not possible,
long distance or virtual communication is now
common and easy with the use of smartphones and
computers with internet access
Breakdown of ICT
➔ Technology - has evolved in ways that improve
people’s daily activities. As mentioned above,
technology has made communication much
easier and faster through telephones, fax
machines, mobile devices and the internet. It has
also made broadcasting of information, such as
news or weather reports, more effective. Radio,
television, satellites and the World Wide Web are
powerful tools that can be used by individuals to
gather needed information to aid them in their
office, school or house work, or simple day-to-
day activities.
Evolution of Technology
❏ The evolution of technology has always
depended on one thing: THE HUMAN
RATIONALE. Humans tend to think of ways on
how to discharge tasks or workload, or do daily
activities easily. The concept of technology
always starts with the basic TOOL. In order to
build a house, one cannot simply use his / her
own two hands to cut wood and attach the
wooden pieces together. A hacksaw, hammer and
set of nails are needed to accomplish the task.
Evolution of Technology

❏ The concept of a
wheel has also made
transportation much
easier, and enabled
people to move
several objects from
one place to another Figure 1.3 A boy pushes a
with ease. wheelbarrow that carries
his possessions through the
customs checkpoint.
Evolution of Technology
❏ By combining a set of tools, people have come up
with machines that can do the task faster and more
efficiently. A single-wheel transportation tool has
inspired the creation of a machine capable of
transporting, not just objects, but also passengers.
Thus, vehicles have nowadays become more of a
necessity rather than a form of luxury.

Figure 1.4
Private car vs.
Public transport
Evolution of Technology
❏ Another type of machine that is considered a
necessity is the computer. A computer is an
electronic device, operating under the control of
instructions stored in its own memory, that can
accept data, manipulate the data according to
specified rules, produce results for future use.
However, as technology evolves, so do
machines.
Evolution of Technology
❏ Computers today are no longer the same
computers your parents must have first used.
Most machines, including computers, have
evolved through the process of automation.

Figure 1.5 Computer Basic Usage Figure 1.6 Touch Screen

Technology
Evolution of Technology
❏ Automation is defined as “the technique of making an
apparatus, a process, or a system operate automatically.”
Automation includes a broad range of technologies
normally connecting computer systems to other systems,
such as sensors, wireless applications, expert systems,
and systems integration, among others. The integration
is made in such a way that these interconnected systems
are capable of self-acting / self-regulation.

Figure 1.7 Toyota’s

automated production
Evolution of Technology
❏ Automated systems can reduce the instances of errors,
which are usually caused by human-based decision and
comprehension. Production companies often use
automated systems as part of their business process as
automation increases productivity and lessen time to
market.

Figure 1.8
The
intelligent
car in the
future - with
a sense-able
dashboard
Evolution of Technology
❏ However, an automated system is not the
same as an intelligent system. Intelligent
systems are far more complex and are
capable of learning. This is where the
concept of artificial intelligence comes in.
One of the latest inventions in the
automotive industry is the intelligent car
which is capable of driving and parking by
itself.
History of Computer
★ With the evolution of technology, computers
have taken a major role in the last three
decades. This is due to the fact that people have
become increasingly dependent on computer to
do their daily task in school, at work, or in their
routines. What started off as simple for research
purposes, computers are now designed to be
more compact, more mobile, and more
integrated in people’s daily activities.
History of Computer
★ Computers have evolved based on the type of
components used in the design. At present, scientists and
researchers have identified 5 generations based on the
design, suitability and reliability.
History of Computer
First-generation Computer (1946-1959)

➢ The first electronic computer was developed in 1946

➢ Designed by J. Presper Eckert & John W. Mauchly from
University of Pennsylvania & financed by United States
Army, the Electronic Numeric Integrator and Calculator
(ENIAC) is considered to be the first-generation computer.
ENIAC was a modular computer, composed of several
panels capable of performing different functions. However,
it could store only limited or small amount of information
and only do arithmetic operations such as addition and
subtraction of up to 10 digits. The computer was roughly
167 square meters in size, and weighted 27 tons.
History of Computer
ENIAC - Electronic Numeric Integrator and
Calculator
Figure 1.10
ENIAC
showing the
vacuums
History of Computer
Second-generation Computer (1959-1965)

➢ In this second generation, the transistor was used as the

interior sections of the computer. Transistors were very
much smaller, faster, and more dependable than the vacuum
tubes of the first-generation computer. They generated less
heat and consumed less electricity but were still very costly.

Figure 1.11
Transistors
History of Computer
Third-generation Computer (1965-1971)

➢ In 1965, Jack Kilby invented the integrated circuit

(IC) that was used instead of transistors as the interior
sections to build the computer. A single IC has many
transistors, resistors, and capacitors that even the full
circuit board of a transistor can be replaced by
entirely with one chip. This chip made the computers
smaller, unfailing and effective. In this third-
generation, remote processing, time-sharing and
multiprogramming operating system were used.
History of Computer
Third-generation Computer (1965-1971)

Figure 1.12 The Third-generation computer using the

integrated circuit
History of Computer
Fourth-generation Computer (1971-1980)

➢ From 1971 to 1980, very large scale integrated

(VLSI) circuits were used to build computers. These
circuits have about 5,000 transistors and other circuit
elements with their connected circuits on the single
chip known as the MICROPROCESSOR. These
fourth-generation computers such as personal
computers become more powerful, dense, reliable
and inexpensive. The other application of this
microprocessor technology can be used and applied
for pocket calculators, television sets, automotive
devices and audio and video appliances.
History of Computer
Fourth-generation Computer (1971-1980)

Figure 1.13 The Fourth-generation computer using the

microprocessor
History of Computer
Fifth-generation Computer (1980-onwards)

➢ In this fifth-generation, the VLSI technology has

evolved into what is called Ultra Large-Scale
Integration (ULSI) technology, with the manufacture
of microprocessor chips having 10 million electronic
components. This generation involves computer
intelligence which is associated with Artificial
Intelligence (AI), natural language, and expert
systems that interpret the means and practices of
producing computers that think like human beings.
History of Computer
Fifth-generation Computer (1980-onwards)

Figure 1.14 The Fifth-generation computer

Components of a Computer

What
makes a
computer
work?
Components of Computer
➔ By definition, a computer is an electronic device that
manipulates information or data. It has the ability to
store, retrieve, and process data. It contains both
hardware components and software applications.
➔ The Hardware pertains to the computer’s physical
devices. It is any part of computer that can be seen
and touched. A computer’s hardware consist of
interrelated electronic devices that are used to
manipulate the computer’s operation, input devices
and output devices.
Components of Computer
INPUT DEVICES
➔ Working with a computer would be ineffective
if one does not intermingle with it because the
machine cannot accept and receive instructions
and/or deliver an output on its own. Input
devices enter or send data and instructions from
the user or from another computer system on
the internet while output devices send back the
administered data to the user or to the user or to
another computer system.
Components of Computer
INPUT DEVICES
The following are some of the most common and important input
devices of a computer:

❖ Keyword - Is the most common input device that accepts

letters, numbers and commands from the user.
Components of Computer
INPUT DEVICES
❖ Mouse - a small handheld device that is dragged across a flat
surface to move the cursor on a computer screen, typically
having buttons that are pressed to control functions
Components of Computer
INPUT DEVICES
❖ Microphone - allows a user to speak into the computer to
input data and instructions.
Components of Computer
INPUT DEVICES
❖ Scanner - converts printed materials (such as texts
and pictures) into a form the computer can use. There
are different types of scanner available:
❖ Flatbed Scanner - looks like a miniature printers
with a flip-up cover protecting the glass platen
❖ Handheld or Portable Scanner - can be small
enough to fit inside one’s pocket. Pen Scanners are
just a bit bigger than fountain pens and can scan the
text of a document line by line. They do not give high
resolution scans and are more expensive than flatbed
scanners
Components of Computer
INPUT DEVICES

Flatbed Scanner

Handheld /
Portable
Scanner
Components of Computer
INPUT DEVICES
❖ Digital Camera - allows one to take pictures then
transfer the photographed images to the computer or
printer instead of storing the images on a traditional
film.
❖ PC Video Camera - is a digital video camera that
enables users to create a movie or take still
photographs electronically. With the PC Video
Camera attached to the computer, users can see each
other as they communicate via the computer.
Components of Computer
OUTPUT DEVICES
➔ An output device is any hardware
component that transmits information to
one or more people. The three
commonly used output devices are as
follows:
1. Printer
2. Monitor
3. Speaker
Components of Computer
OUTPUT DEVICES

❖ Printer - produces text and graphics

on a physical medium such as
paper.

2 types of Printer

1. Impact Printer
2. Non-Impact Printer
Components of Computer
OUTPUT DEVICES
❖ Impact Printer - makes contact with the paper by
pressing an inked ribbon against the paper using a
hammer or pins. An example of impact printer is the dot-
matrix printer.
Components of Computer
OUTPUT DEVICES
❖ Non-Impact Printer - does not use a striking device to
produce characters on the paper, and because it does not
hammer against the paper, the printer produces less noise.
Examples of non-impact printers are inkjet printers and
laser printers.
Components of Computer
OUTPUT DEVICES

❖ Monitor - displays text, graphics and

videos on a screen. Many monitors
look similar to a television

3 types of Monitor

1. Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)

2. Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)
3. Light-emitting Diode (LED)
Components of Computer
OUTPUT DEVICES
1. Cathode ray tube (CRT) - is a vacuum tube containing an
electron gun at one end and a fluorescent screen at
another end. From this electron gun, a process called
thermionic emission generates a strong beam of
electrons. These electrons travel through a narrow path
within the tube with high speed using various
electromagnetic devices and finally strike the phosphor
points present on the fluorescent screen, thus creating an
image. Monitors employ th CRT technology used most
commonly in the manufacturing of television screens. A
stream of intense high-energy electrons is used to form
images on a fluorescent screen.
Components of Computer
OUTPUT DEVICES
CRT Monitor
Components of Computer
OUTPUT DEVICES
2. Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) - is a flat-
panel display that consists of a layer of color or
monochrome pixels arranged schematically
between a couple of transparent electrodes and
two polarizing filters. Optical effect is achieved
by polarizing the light in varied amounts and
making it pass through the liquid crystal layer.
Components of Computer
OUTPUT DEVICES
LCD Monitor
Components of Computer
OUTPUT DEVICES
3. Light emitting diode (LED) - is a flat-panel
display that uses light-emitting diodes for
backlighting. The display is of LCD only but
the backlighting is done by LEDs. LED
monitors are said to use much lesser power
than CRT and LCD. Thus, they are also
considered environment-friendly.
Components of Computer
OUTPUT DEVICES
LED Monitor
Components of Computer
OUTPUT DEVICES
❖ Speaker - allows ont to hear music, voice and
other sounds. The signal used to produce the sound
that comes from a computer speaker is created by
the computer’s sound card.
Components of Computer
SYSTEM UNIT
❖ The system unit is the enclosure composed of
the main elements of a computer that are used
to administer data. This can be referred to as a
computer case or tower. The circuitry of the
system unit containing the primary
components of a computer with connectors
into which other circuits boards can be
positioned is recognized as motherboard
Components of Computer
SYSTEM UNIT
Components of Computer
STORAGE DEVICES
❖ A computer can be utilized with only
processing, memory, input, and output
devices. To make it very valuable, however,
a computer also needs a place to hold
program files and all related files when they
are not in use. The goal of using a storage is
to keep data permanently.
Components of Computer
STORAGE DEVICES
❖ There are many types of storage devices which include the
flash disk drive, a small portable storage device often
referred to as pen drives, thumb drives, or jump drives. It has
a memory capacity of 2GB, 4GB, 8GB, 16GB, 32GB,
64GB, 128GB, 1TB and now up to 2TB.
Components of Computer
STORAGE DEVICES
❖ Another type of storage is the hard disk drive. Most
personal computers have at least one non-removable hard
disk that is regarded as a non-volatile memory which
permanently stores and retrieves data.
Components of Computer
STORAGE DEVICES
❖ Another storage device is the compact disc. It is a flat,
round, and portable metal disc. One type of compact disc is
CD-ROM, which can be accessed using most CD and DVD
drives. Another type of compact disc is DVD-ROM, which
has enough storage capacity to store a full-length movie.
Why
Computers
are
Powerful?
Why Computers are Powerful?
❖ Computers are powerful for a variety of
reasons. They work with remarkable speed,
reliability, consistency, and accuracy.
Computers can store large amounts of data
and information. Also, computers allow users
to communicate with other users or
computers. A user is anyone who
communicates and interacts with a computer
or makes use of the information it generates.
Why Computers are Powerful?
➔ Speed - In the system unit, operations get
done through electronic circuits. When data,
instructions, and information drift along these
circuits, they travel at incredibly fast speeds.
Most computers bring out billions of
operations in a single second. The world’s
fastest computer can perform trillions of
operations in one second.
Why Computers are Powerful?

➔ Reliability and Consistency - The

electronic components in modern
computers are dependable because they
have a low failure rate. The high
reliability of components enables the
computer to produce consistent results.
Why Computers are Powerful?

➔ Accuracy - Computers process large

amounts of data and generate error-free
results, provided the data is inputted
correctly and the instructions work
properly. If data is inaccurate, the resulting
output is also incorrect. A computing phrase
known as garbage in, garbage out points
out that accuracy of a computer’s output
depends on the accuracy of the input.
Why Computers are Powerful?
➔ Communication - It is unbearable to go through a
day without communication. Communication
happens between two or more people sending and
receiving messages from one another. The one
sending the message is referred to as the sender
while the one receiving the information is known
as the receiver. The message being transmitted can
contain facts, thoughts, perceptions, judgements,
beliefs, attitudes, commands, and even reactions.
Classification
of
Computers
Classification of Computers
➔ Computers can be classified based on size
and computing power. However, as
technology advances, these classifications
tend to overlap as modern computers have
become smaller, yet more powerful, and
relatively cheaper.

The general classification are as follows:

Classification of Computers
● Personal Computer - is a small, single-user
computer based on a microprocessor. In
addition to the microprocessor, a personal
computer has a keyboard for entering data, a
monitor for displaying information, and a
storage device for saving data.
● Workstation - is a powerful, single-user
computer. A workstation is like a personal
computer, but it has a more powerful
microprocessor and a higher-quality monitor.
Classification of Computers
● Minicomputer - is a multi-user computer
capable of supporting from 10 to hundreds
of users simultaneously.
● Mainframe - is a powerful multi-user
computer capable of supporting hundreds or
thousands of users simultaneously
● Supercomputer - is an extremely fast
computer that can perform millions of
instructions per second.
Classification of Computers

To compare, a computer with an Intel Core

i3 processor, has only two cores for running
its programs and applications. Core i5 and
i7 models usually have only four cores.
Core i7 extreme processor can have six to
eight cores; however, most applications
cannot use all cores to full advantage. Thus,
they do not operate at full capacity.
Classification of Computers
➔ Computers are also categorized into several
types due to the introduction of mobile
devices and the proliferation of internet-
capable devices. Specialized computers are
now classified according to specific uses.

The different types of computers are as

follows:
Classification of Computers
● Desktop Computers - are computers
designed to be placed on a desk, and are
normally made up of a few different parts,
including the computer case, CPU, monitor,
keyboard and mouse.
● Laptop Computers - are battery-powered
computer devices whose portability makes
them possible to use almost anytime,
anywhere.
Classification of Computers

● Tablet Computers - are hand-held

computers with touch-sensitive screen for
typing and navigation
● Smartphones - are hand-held telephones
which can do things that computers can do,
including browsing and searching the
internet and even playing console games.
Classification of Computers

● Wearables - include fitness trackers and

smartwatches that can be worn
throughout the day.
● Smart TVs - are the latest television sets
that include applications present in
computers. The TV can also be used as
a computer monitor and gaming
monitor.
Digital Age,
Information
Age and
Computer Age
Digital Age, Information Age &
Computer Age
➔ Used interchangeably, capture the ubiquitous nature of
computing and the prolific use of technology in almost all
aspects of human activity such digital interaction is a
defining characteristic of human activity.
➔ It is a period in human history characterized by the shift
from traditional industry to information technology-based
economy brought by industrialization during the Industrial
Revolution. The definition of what digital means (or what
information means) continues to change over time as new
technologies, user devices and methods of interaction with
other people and devices enter the domain of research,
development and market launch.
Digital Age, Information Age &
Computer Age
➔ This period is also characterized by
the digital industry creating a
knowledge-based society surrounded
by a high-tech global economy that
exerts its influence on how the
manufacturing process and the
service sector work in an efficient
and convenient way.
Media in the
Digital
Age
Media in the Digital Age
➔ Media normally refers to the means of
communication that uses unique tools to
interconnect among people. The forms of media
include television, radio, cellular phones and
internet (which involves the access and use of
various social media sites such as Facebook,
Twitter, Instagram and YouTube, among
others). In the digital age, however, media can
be considered as the message, the medium and
the messenger.
Media in the Digital Age
The Message
➔ Media is considered to be the message itself for those
who create and own the rights of content. The forms of
content can be user-generated or professional-
produced. User-generated content (UGC) is a form of
content created and owned by the users of a system.
UGC has grown exponentially especially with the wide
internet coverage or easy WiFi access, increased social
media participation and affordable smart devices.

The following are some examples of media tools used

especially by millennials to generate contents:
Media in Digital Age
The Message
● Blogs - keeping in diary or a journal is the traditional
method of recording one’s thought or expressing
one’s emotions through writing. With the advent of
the internet, expressing one’s feelings and thoughts
was given a new concept through online writing or
blogging. A blog is a combination of two words-web
and log. It works the same way as pen and paper
would but privacy becomes irrelevant given that blog
post can be seen by anyone online. A person who
writes blogs is called a blogger.
Media in the Digital Age
The Medium
➔ The medium used refers to the tool used in
sending a message from the source to the
destination. Traditionally, for example,
professionals send messages to the audience, such
as a news anchor delivering the news on TV or
radio. However, with the latest technologies, the
so called social media has became an avenue for
information dissemination even taking over news
sites in bringing the latest or up-to-date content.
Media in the Digital Age
The Messenger
➔ The messenger is the one who delivers the message.
This is why broadcasters, for example, being the
messenger of news are called “media”. In the digital
space, however, does the “media” also refer to social
network users who create content themselves but are
not professional journalist? Hence, although the
media can be a message, the medium and the
messenger, in the digital age, the demarcation lines
between the are somewhat blurry.
Evolution of Media
➔ The media has transformed itself based on two
things:
1. How information is presented;
2. How the connection is established
➔ Woodcut printing on cloth or on paper was used in
the early 15th century. It was in 1436 when
Johannes Gutenberg started working on a printing
press which used relief printing and a molding
system. Now, the modern printing press delivers
messages in print, such as newspapers, textbooks
and magazines
Evolution of Media

➔ In the 1800s, the telegraph was

developed followed by the telephone
which made the two-way
communication possible. Message
sending and receiving can now be done
both ways simultaneously.
Evolution of Media
➔ At the beginning of the 1900s, broadcasting and
recorded media were introduced. Radio and
television were used to send sound and video to
homes and offices through electromagnetic spectrum
or radio waves. Audio (low frequency band) or video
(higher frequency band) content can be received
depending on the frequency used. Later on, a
combination of both audio and video information
made the audience’s viewing experience more
exciting. Films and movies became popular as they
catered to larger audiences.
Evolution of Media
➔ In line with this development, the audience regardless of
their professions can now interact with one another and are
no longer disconnected. News sites can even get news
stories for example from Twitter or other social media sites.
According to Claudine Beaumont, author from The
Telegraph, one good example of this happened on January
15, 2009, when dozens of New Yorkers sent ‘tweets’ about a
plane crash in the city. News about th US Airways Flight
1549 which was forced to land in the Hudson River in
Manhattan, USA immediately spread all over the country.
All the plane’s engine shut down when it struck a flock
geese, minutes after takeoff from New York’s LaGuardia
Airport.
This shows one of
the first photos
taken from a
Twitter user, Jani
Krums, showing
the drowned
plane with
survivors
Overview of
Current
Trends
Overview of Current Trends
➔ A trend refers to something hip or popular at a certain point
in time. It can be a particular style in fashion, devices or
entertainment. A new trend may always come along to
replace the old one.
➔ Technology trends tend to change as time goes by.
Following Moore’s Law, Technology is bound to upgrade
itself every two years. In 1965, Gordon Moore predicted
that the computing power would dramatically increase over
time. But as it increases, cost is expected to proportionally
go down. Nowadays, the two-year prediction has even
decreased, with releases happening less than two years, if
not, yearly. Aside from cost, sizes of hardware have also
decreased in making devices, such as smartphones, more
useful and dependable.
Overview of Current Trends
➔ A few years ago, people would have a cellular phone, a
digital camera, a portable music player, and a laptop with
them. They would use their phones to text and make
calls, the digital cameras to take pictures, and music
player to listen to music while doing work on their
laptop. Now, smartphones are capable of doing the
aforementioned activities and alot more through
applications or “apps” made available online. The term
smartphone was coined as the cellular or mobile phone
has now become smarter-it can run apps which help
people perform their day to day activities. Apps turn
mobile devices into miniature PCs capable of browsing
the web, taking down notes and playing games.
Overview of Current Trends
➔ By default, smartphones come installed with basic apps
such as basic apps such as making calls, sending text
messages, playing music and managing schedules. As of
2017, Google Play has approximately 2.8 million apps
available for Android users, whereas Apple’s App Store
is estimated to have 2.2 million. These apps are not just
limited to smartphones. They can be used in other mobile
devices, including tablets and other recent trend,
wearable devices.

In an article from Forbes.com, DeMers (2016)

identified seven major trends in 2017. Those are as follow:
Overview of Current Trends
1. IoT and home technology

The so-called Internet of Things (IoT) has been trending

since 2016. The vision of IoT has evolved due to the
convergence of multiple technologies, including pervasive
wireless communication, data analytics, machine
learning, and use of hardware technology such as sensors,
microprocessors, and microcontrollers. Controlling home
appliances through a mobile phone-such as switching the
lights on and off, setting the timer for washing machine,
and controlling the TV to record shows that might be
missed due to traffic-is now possible.
Overview of Current Trends
2. Augmented reality and virtual reality

In 2016, the release of games such as Pokemon Go and the

anticipated VR headset, Oculus Rift, served as a turning point
for AR and VR Technology

3. Machine Learning

Also called as Artificial Intelligence, having machines decide

for you seems to be a daunting task and would probably make
you think of robots and talking computers, similar to Iron
Man’s Jarvis. However, with the recent release of Apple’s
iPhone X, it was not just the design that improved. The iOS’
intelligent personal assistant, Siri, has also been upgraded
with enhanced learning making the use of iPhone more
efficient. Its latest feature includes;
Overview of Current Trends
● Face ID -The owner’s face is the new password. It is a more
secure way to unlock the phone and keep the data safe
● A11 Bionic -is claimed to be the “most powerful and
smartest chip ever in a smartphone,” with the neutral engine
capable of up to 600 billion operations per second. A neutral
engine, a type of artificial intelligence, enables computers to
learn from observation.
● Wireless Charging - a cable is not needed to charge.
● iOS 11 -In its latest operating system, one can scan docs in
the notes app, edit live photos, and in US., even pay friends
in Messages. Siri can also translate languages.
● Augmented Reality -is not designed for fun. I is also meant
for productivity and efficiency. It allows one to navigate
without looking at a map, visualise industrial equipment
and many others.
Overview of Current Trends
4. Automation

Through advance technology, it is now possible

to automate previously human-exclusive task.
This is very much evident through wearable
devices such as step counters and heart rate
monitors used by health-conscious individuals.
Information collected is automatically saved and
stored in mobile devices for analysis later on.
Overview of Current Trends
5. Big Data

Big data is the term that describes large and complex

volumes of data. But it is not how much data an
organization has it is what they do with it that matters.
Big data can be analyzed for insights which help
management make better decisions and come up with
strategic plans. Waze is an example of an app which
uses big data. The app helps users determine traffic,
direction and route estimations and notifies users with
accident alerts and road hazards, among others
Overview of Current Trends
6. Physical-digital Integration

Majority of organizations nowadays are moving

towards system automation.as such, they identify their physical
elements and create digital data for more efficient operation and
back-up. The concept of having a “paperless company” in which
transactions, reports and services are done using automated systems
is one such example. Not only is it deemed reliable but also
environment-friendly.

7. Everything on demand

➔ Improved access to education

There are new ways of learning such as the use

of learning management system (LSM) which
implements educational enhancements such as
distance learning and online tutorials, virtual
reality and interactive multimedia.
Impact of ICT
Positive Effects
➔ Access to information and communication

The internet is widely used in communication. Access

to it is getting better as it is getting better as it has
become available in almost all places such as
commercial establishments and public spaces. New
tools have been promoted such as VoIP phone, Instant
Messaging (IM), chat (eg., FB Messenger, Google
hangouts, Yahoo! Messenger, etc.) and email. In
addition, ICT has been maximized by most individuals
nowadays for leisure and entertainment such as
watching movies and playing games.
Impact of ICT
Positive Effects
➔ Security

With the advancement that ICT brings, individuals and

organizations can solve any security problems.
Examples of security measure on applications are: (1)
the use of encryption methods to keep and protect data
from any malicious software; (2) the use of password
for personal information protection; and (3) the
development of physical security systems such as
biometrics in a form of fingerprints, facial recognition,
iris (eye) recognition and voice recognition.
Impact of ICT
Negative Effects

➔ Reduced personal interaction & physical

activity

Because of virtual communication, ironically,

people are less likely to talk to or meet each
other in person. And because of the comfort of
working from home and the entertainment that
the internet offers, physical activities are reduced
leading to health issues such as obesity and heart
disease.
Impact of ICT
Negative Effects
➔ Job loss or increase in unemployment

This can be considered as one of the worst effects of

ICT.

● Multiple Workers being replaced and reduced by a

smaller number of employees capable of doing the
same volume of tasks
● Shipping or freight services in which amount is added
to the operating costs for physical process of
transporting commodities or goods
● Automation through robots or machines replacing
people in the assembly line.
Impact of ICT
Negative Effects
➔ Security

ICT bring not only improvement but also threat

to security. Data or files must always be kept
secure and safe. The internet connection must
always be safeguarded from different attacks
such as data modification, identify/IP address
spoofing, password-based attacks, denial-of-
service, etc. Computers should also be protected
from various forms of viruses and malware
which are released almost everyday
Ethical Issues
in
ICT
Ethical Issues on ICT
1. Plagiarism

It is an act of theft in which a person copies another

person’s ideas, words, or writings, etc. and pass them
off as his or her own. Those who committed such action
may lead to serious legal and ethical defilements.

2. Exploitation

It is an action in which one deals with a person

dishonestly, unethically and dishonorably, in order to take
advantage of the latter’s works and resources. This leads to
unlawful actions
Chapter
Key
Points
● With the evolution of technology, people are now
living in a period in which the economy is based on
information computerization. This industry that
involves computers, software, networking, among
others is called Information Technology. It is a
subset of Information and Communication
Technology (ICT) which pertains to the use of
technology that supports activities involving not
only information such as gathering, storing and
presenting data, but also collaboration and
communication.
● The computer, being the main tool or equipment in
IT, has evolved in many ways from the first
generation computer to fifth-generation computer
● The power of the computer, coupled with the
introduction of the internet, cannot be
underestimated with its speed, reliability and
consistency, accuracy and ability to handle
communication
● Communication and information creation and
distribution have developed. Among the
major trends is the so called Internet of
Thing (IoT), the expansion and application of
networks and internet to everyday objects.
● ICT, however, has both positive and negative
impacts on individuals, organizations and
society
Introduction to Information and
Communication Technology
CHAPTER 1
OBJECTIVES
At the end of the chapter, the students should be able to :

1. Define ICT
2. Trace the evolution of technology, particularly
computers.
3. Identify the different parts of the computer system, and
categorize the different computer peripherals
4. Access why computers are considered powerful
thinking machines
5. Explain the role of technology in media and how it
affects communication
6. Recognize the current trends in information technology
ICT: An Overview
● The concept of technology has evolved
throughout the years.
● As the rate of human progress continues to
increase, society has adapted in such a way that
technology no longer appeals to mechanical or
electrical systems alone.
● TECHNOLOGY - includes advancements in
communication and how information is handled,
thus enabling governments, organization,
industries and ordinary individuals to improve in
their decision-making, business processes and
everyday living
ICT: An Overview
● INFORMATION & COMMUNICATION
TECHNOLOGY or ICT - was defined in a study
conducted by Zuppo (2012) as “related to
technologies that facilitate the transfer of
information and various types of electronically
mediated communication.” However, this
definition was considered too broad that Zuppo
created an ICT hierarchy to identify key aspects
such as ICT education, business, and economic
sector. These classifications, however, contain
some degree of commonality.
ICT: An Overview
● The need for devices, such as mobile phones,
laptops, and tablets, is identified in all instances.
This fact is perhaps due to the human need to
“belong.” According to Baumeister and Leary
(1995), the “belongingness hypothesis” states
that people have a basic psychological need to
feel closely connected to others, and that caring,
affectionate bonds from close relationships are a
major part of human behavior.
ICT: An Overview
● This need can be fulfilled through the different modes
of communication, be it face-to-face, online, through
voice, or simply through a text message, manifested in
the number of people with mobile devices such as
smartphones, tablets, and the latest technologies such
as “wearable devices.” Nowadays, it is no longer
surprising to find a person owning several of these
gadgets, which may not necessarily be for different
purposes. ICT is ubiquitous and access to it is
relatively affordable and somewhat effortless. This
makes the demand much higher as different sectors,
industries, and organizations now also incorporate ICT
in their daily business processes.
ICT: An Overview
● The International Telecommunication Union
(ITU) conducts an annual study on the
prevalence of ICT around the world. The report,
called the ICT Development Index (IDI),
includes quantitative indicators regarding ICT
access, usage, and skills in different regions and
countries. Figure 1.2 denotes the upward trend of
people needing ICTs, with the estimate that
mobile subscriptions now outnumber world
population.
IT versus ICT
● When do we use the term ICT and how does it
differ from IT?
● ICT is often used in a more general sense, and is
described as using computers and other digital
technologies to assist individuals or institutions
in handling or using information.
● ICT is technology that supports activities
involving information such as gathering,
processing, storing, and presenting data.
Increasingly, these activities also involve
collaboration and communication
IT versus ICT
● IT pertains to the industry that involves
computers, software, networking, and other
IT infrastructure to help relay or manage
information important in modern-day living
as seen primarily in large companies or
corporations.
● Simply put, IT is the subset of ICT as the
technology used in the field of It aids in the
use of ICt (Wang, 2016).
Breakdown of ICT
➔ ICT is made up of 3 words, namely INFORMATION,
COMMUNICATION, and TECHNOLOGY
➔ Information - refers to the knowledge obtained from
reading, investigation, study, or research. Some of the
tools that transit information are the telephone,
television, and radio. Not to be confused by data,
information is regarded as processed data. Computers
normally process data that are later understood as
information. For example, while typing on your laptop,
you usually punch in random letters on your keyboard
to make up words and sentences. The typing on the
keyboard is considered as input data while the words
& sentences you see in the computer monitor is an
output data
Breakdown of ICT
➔ Information - is needed to make decisions and
to foresee the future. For example, scientists can
detect the formation of a tsunami using the latest
technology and warn the public to avoid
disasters in the affected areas.
➔ Processed Information is called knowledge.
Knowledge helps fulfill daily tasks. For
example, knowledge is used to predict
tomorrow’s weather and decide if there is a need
to bring an umbrella. Knowledge is also used to
analyze the stock market and check which
company is worth investing in.
Breakdown of ICT
➔ Communication - is an act of transmitting messages. It
is a process in which information is exchanged
between individuals through verbal and non-verbal
means. In the prehistoric days, humans communicated
through signs or symbols as evidenced by cave
paintings and drawings, rock art, stone carvings, and
the like. Forms of communication have evolved
through time as communicating more and more
complex ideas has become necessary. With technology,
communication is faster, more convenient and more
efficient. When face-to-face meeting is not possible,
long distance or virtual communication is now
common and easy with the use of smartphones and
computers with internet access
Breakdown of ICT
➔ Technology - has evolved in ways that improve
people’s daily activities. As mentioned above,
technology has made communication much
easier and faster through telephones, fax
machines, mobile devices and the internet. It has
also made broadcasting of information, such as
news or weather reports, more effective. Radio,
television, satellites and the World Wide Web are
powerful tools that can be used by individuals to
gather needed information to aid them in their
office, school or house work, or simple day-to-
day activities.
Evolution of Technology
❏ The evolution of technology has always
depended on one thing: THE HUMAN
RATIONALE. Humans tend to think of ways on
how to discharge tasks or workload, or do daily
activities easily. The concept of technology
always starts with the basic TOOL. In order to
build a house, one cannot simply use his / her
own two hands to cut wood and attach the
wooden pieces together. A hacksaw, hammer and
set of nails are needed to accomplish the task.
Evolution of Technology