Module-5

INTRODUCTION to OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING

Contents

 The Object Oriented Programming paradigm

 Basic concepts of Object Oriented Programming
 Benefits of OOP
 Applications of OOP
 structure of C++ program
 A simple C++ program
 specifying a class
 A C++ program with Class.
Introduction

 Developments in software technology continue to be dynamic

Procedure-Oriented Programming
• Some Characteristics exhibited by procedure-oriented programming are:
→ Emphasis is on doing things (algorithms).
→ Large programs are divided into smaller programs known as functions.
→ Most of the functions share global data.
→ Data move openly around the system from function to function.
→ Functions transform data from one form to another.
→ Employs top-down approach in program design.
The Object Oriented Programming paradigm

 OOP treats data as a critical element in the program development and

does not allow it to flow freely around the system.
 It ties data more closely to the function that operate on it, and protects
it from accidental modification from outside function.
 OOP allows decomposition of a problem into a number of entities called
objects and then builds data and function around these objects.
Fig: Organization of data and function in OOP
• Some of the features of object oriented programming are:
→ Emphasis is on data rather than procedure.

→ Programs are divided into what are known as objects.

→ Data structures are designed such that they characterize the

objects.
→ Functions that operate on the data of an object are ties together
in the data structure.
→ Data is hidden and cannot be accessed by external function.

→ Objects may communicate with each other through function.

→ New data and functions can be easily added whenever necessary.

→ Follows bottom up approach in program design.

Basic Concepts of Object Oriented Programming

 Objects
 Classes
 Data abstraction and encapsulation
 Inheritance
 Polymorphism
 Dynamic binding
 Message passing
 Objects
 Objects are the basic run time entities in an object-oriented system.

 They may represent a person, a place, a bank account, a table of data or any item
that the program has to handle.
 Each object contain data, and code to manipulate data.

 When a program is executed, the objects interact by sending messages to one

another. For example, if “customer” and “account” are to object in a program, then
the customer object may send a message to the count object requesting for the
Classes
 A class is a collection of objects similar types.

 For examples, Mango, Apple and orange members of class fruit.

Data Abstraction and Encapsulation

 The wrapping up of data and function into a single unit (called class) is known as
encapsulation.
 Data and encapsulation is the most striking feature of a class.

 The data is not accessible to the outside world, and only those functions which are
wrapped in the class can access it.
 This insulation of the data from direct access by the program is called data hiding
or information hiding.

 Abstraction refers to the act of representing essential features without

including the background details or explanation. Classes use the concept of
abstraction
Inheritance

 Inheritance is the process by which objects of one class acquired the

properties of objects of another classes.
 It supports the concept of hierarchical classification.
Polymorphism

 Polymorphism, a Greek term, means the ability to take more than on

form.
 An operation may exhibit different behavior is different instances. The
behavior depends upon the types of data used in the operation.
 For example, consider the operation of addition. For two numbers, the
operation will generate a sum. If the operands are strings, then the
operation would produce a third string by concatenation.
 The process of making an operator to exhibit different behaviors in
different instances is known as operator overloading.
 a single function name can be used to handle different number and
different types of argument.
 Using a single function name to perform different type of task is known
as function overloading.
Dynamic Binding

• Binding refers to the linking of a procedure call to the code to be

executed in response to the call.
• Dynamic binding means that the code associated with a given
procedure call is not known until the time of the call at run time.
• It is associated with polymorphism and inheritance.
Message Passing
 Objects communicate with one another by sending and receiving
information
 A Message for an object is a request for execution of a procedure, and
therefore will invoke a function (procedure) in the receiving object that
generates the desired results.
 Message passing involves specifying the name of object, the name of the
function (message) and the information to be sent.
 Example:
Benefits of OOP

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Application of OOP

1. Real-time system
2. Simulation and modeling
3. Object-oriented data bases
4. Hypertext, Hypermedia, and expertext
5. AI and expert systems
6. Neural networks and parallel programming
7. Decision support and office automation systems
8. CIM/CAM/CAD systems
Introduction of C++

 C++ is an object-oriented programming language. It was developed by

Bjarne Stroustrup at AT&T Bell Laboratories in Murray Hill, New Jersey,
USA, in the early 1980’s.
 C+ + is a superset of C.
 The most important facilities that C++ adds on to C care classes,
inheritance, function overloading and operator overloading.
 These features enable creating of abstract data types, inherit properties
from existing data types and support polymorphism, thereby making C+
+ a truly object-oriented language.
Structure of C++ Program
Simple C++ Program

// C++ program to print a message

#include<iostream>  defines a scope for the identifiers that
are used in a program.
using namespace std;  This will bring all the identifiers
defined in std to the current global
int main()
scope.
{  Using and namespace are the new
keyword of C++.
cout<<” c++ is better than c \n”;
return 0;
}
//AVERAGE OF TWO NUMBERS
#include<iostream.h>
Using namespace std;
int main()
{
float number1, number2,sum, average;
cin >> number1;
cin >> number2;
sum = number1 + number2;
average = sum/2;
cout << ”Sum = “ << sum << “\n”;
cout << “Average = “ << average << “\n”;
return 0;
}
Example Programs

1. Program to read and display name and phone number.

2. Program to compute area of triangle
3. Program to generate Fibonacci series
Specifying a class

 A class is a way to bind the data and its associated functions together
 Specifying a class has two parts:

1. Class declarations: describes the type and scope of its members

2. Class function definition: describes how the class functions are
implemented
The syntax of a class definition is shown below :
class class_name
{
private :
variable declaration; // data member
Function declaration; // Member Function (Method)
public :
variable declaration;
Function declaration;
};
 The body of the class has two keywords namely : private , public
• In C++, the keywords private and public are called access specifiers.
• The data hiding concept in C++ is achieved by using the keyword private.
• Private data and functions can only be accessed from within the class
itself.
• Public data and functions are accessible outside the class also.
A simple class example

class student
{
int rollno; // variable declaration
char name[20]; // private by default
public:
void getdata(); // function declarations
void putdata();
};
Creating objects
 The objects of a class are declared after the class definition.
 class definition does not define any objects of its type, but it defines the
properties of a class.
 For utilizing the defined class, we need variables of the class type.
 Syntax:

class_name object(’s)_name;
 For example,

student s ; //memory for s is created

student s1,s2,s3;
 Objects can also be created when the class is defined

 Example:

class student

int rollno; // variable declaration

char name[20]; // private by default

public:

void getdata(); // function declarations

void putdata();

} s1,s2;
Accessing class members

 The private data of class can be accessed only through the member
function of a class

 Example:

s1.getdata();
 getdata() // illegal

s1.rollno; //illegal
Defining Member Functions

 In C++, the member functions can be defined in two places :

1. Inside class definition

2. Outside class definition using scope resolution operator (::)
Inside Class Definition:
 We use only small functions inside the class definition and such functions
are known as inline functions.
 Ex: class student
{
int rollno;
char name[20];
public:
void getdata()
{
cin>>name>>rollno;
}
void putdata();
};
Outside class definition

 Example:
void student :: getdata()
{
cin>>name>>rollno;
}
A C++ program with class
Example Programs(using classes and objects)

1. Program to read and display name and phone number of 2 persons

2. Program to compute area of triangle
3. Lab pgm 10
#include<iostream.h>
void person : : display(void)
using namespace std;
class person
{
{ cout << “\nNameame: “ <<
char name[30]; name;
int age; cout << “\nAge: “ << age;
public: }
void getdata(void); Int main()
void display(void);
{
};
void person :: getdata(void) person p;
{ p.getdata();
cout << “Enter name: “; p.display();
cin >> name; Return 0;
cout << “Enter age: “;
}
cin >> age;
}