Noida Institute of Engineering and

Technology, Greater Noida

Data Link layer

Unit: 2

Computer Networks
(ACSE0602) Bhawna Khullar
ECE
B Tech 6th Sem Department

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 Curriculum

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 Syllabus

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 Books

Text books:
1. Behrouz Forouzan, “Data Communication and Networking” Fourth Edition-2006,
Tata McGraw Hill
2. Andrew Tanenbaum “Computer Networks”, Fifth Edition-2011, Prentice Hall.
3. William Stallings, “Data and Computer Communication”, Eighth Edition-2008,
Pearson.

Reference Books:
4. Kurose and Ross, “Computer Networking- A Top-Down Approach”, Eighth
Edition-2021, Pearson.
5. Peterson and Davie, “Computer Networks: A Systems Approach”, Fourth Edition-
1996, Morgan Kaufmann

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 Course Objective

The objective of this course is to understand introduction of

computer networks with suitable transmission media and different
networking devices. Network protocols which are essential for the
computer network are need to explain such as data link layer protocols
and routing protocols.
A detail explanation of IP addressing , TCP/IP protocols and
application layer protocols are covered in this course.

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 Course Outcome

At the end of the course the student should be able to:

CO1:Explain basic concepts, OSI reference model, services and role of each
layer of OSI model and TCP/IP, networks devices and transmission
media, Analog and digital data transmission.
CO2: Apply channel allocation, framing, error and flow control techniques.
CO3: Describe the functions of Network Layer i.e. Logical addressing,
subnetting & Routing Mechanism.
CO4: Explain the different Transport Layer function i.e. Port addressing,

Connection Management, Error control and Flow control mechanism.

CO5: Explain the functions offered by session and presentation layer and their
Implementation.
CO6: Explain the different protocols used at application layer i.e. HTTP,
SNMP, SMTP, FTP,TELNET and VPN.
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 PO’s
1.Engineering knowledge
2. Problem analysis
3. Design/development of solutions
4. Conduct investigations of complex problems
5. Modern tool usage
6. The engineer and society
7. Environment and sustainability
8. Ethics
9. Individual and team work
10. Communication
11. Project management and finance
12. Life-long learning
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 CO-PO Mapping
Computer Networks(KCS- 603) Year of Study: 2021-22

CO PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12

KCS603.1 3 2 2 2 2 2 3

KCS603.2 3 3 2 3

KCS603.3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 3

KCS603.4 3 2 2 2 3

KCS603.5 3 3 2 2 3 2 3

KCS603.6 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3

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 PSO’s

Course Outcome
Program Specific
Outcomes CO1 CO2 CO3 CO4 C05

2 2 2 2 2
PSO1
2 2 2 2
PSO2 2

2 2 2 3 2
PSO3

AVERAGE 2 2 2 2.3 2

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 PSO’s

On successful completion of graduation degree, The computer Science & Engineering

graduates will be able to:

PSO1: identify, analyze real world problems and design their ethical solutions using
artificial intelligence, robotics, virtual/augmented reality, data analytics, block chain
technology, and cloud computing.

PSO2: design and develop the hardware sensor devices and related interfacing software
systems for solving complex engineering problems.

PSO 3: understand inter-disciplinary computing techniques and to apply them in the

design of advanced computing.

PSO 4: conduct investigation of complex problem with the help of technical, managerial,
leadership qualities, and modern engineering tools provided by industry sponsored
laboratories.

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 Program Educational Objectives
PEO 1: To have an excellent scientific and engineering breadth so as to comprehend,
analyze, design and provide sustainable solutions for real-life problems using state-of-the-
art technologies.

PEO 2: To have a successful career in industries, to pursue higher studies or to support

entrepreneurial endeavors and to face the global challenges.

PEO 3:To have an effective communication skills, professional attitude, ethical values and
a desire to learn specific knowledge in emerging trends, technologies for research,
innovation and product development and contribution to society.

PEO 4: To have life-long learning for up-skilling and re-skilling for successful
professional career as engineer, scientist, entrepreneur and bureaucrat for betterment of
society.
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 End semester Question paper templates

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 Prerequisite and Recap

• Fundamental of computer
• Types of Network and OSI Model, TCP/IP Model
 Encoding
 Packet switching

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 Content
• Functions of data link layer
• Sub layers of data link layer
• Project 802
• PDU format
• MAC frame
• IEEE LAN standards
• Ethernet
• Token Ring
• FDDI
• DQDB
• Data Link Layer Protocols
• Multiple Access Protocol
• Flow control
• Error control Bhawna ACSE0602 CN UNIT 2
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 Unit Objective

The objective of this course is to understand the duties of data

link layer, medium access protocol like ALOHA,
CSMA,TOKEN RING & FDDI. Study the flow conrol and
error control methods. Study the IEEE 802 project about
network.

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06/28/2024 Bhawna ACSE0602 CN 16
UNIT 2
 Data link layer Functions

Objective: Study about basic concept of Data link layer functions & protocols.

• Node to node delivery of data

• Framing
• Flow control
• Error control
• MAC addressing

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Sanjay Nayak
UNIT 2 RCS 601 CN Unit Number:2
 Data Link Layer

Local Area Networks

• Project 802
• Ethernet
• Token Ring
• FDDI

Sanjay Nayak RCS 601 CN Unit Number:2

 OSI Model and Project 802

Logical link control / Data link control (LLC /DLC):

Deals with issues common to Point to point link and broadcast link

Media access control (MAC):

Deals only with issues specific to broadcast link
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 OSI Model and Project 802
Project 802

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UNIT 2
 Data Link Layer
PDU Format

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 Data Link Layer
PDU Control Field

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 Data Link Layer

MAC Frame

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 Data Link Layer

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UNIT 2
 Data Link Layer

Ethernet Segments

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 Data Link Layer

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UNIT 2
 Data Link Layer

10BASE5

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 Data Link Layer

Transceiver

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 Data Link Layer

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UNIT 2
 Data Link Layer
10BASE2

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 Data Link Layer

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UNIT 2
 Data Link Layer
10BASET

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 Data Link Layer

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UNIT 2
 Data Link Layer
1BASE5

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UNIT 2
 Data Link Layer

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UNIT 2
 Token Ring
Token Passing

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UNIT 2
 Token Ring

Token Passing

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UNIT 2
 Token Ring

Token Passing

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UNIT 2
 Token Ring

Token Passing

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 Token Ring

Token Ring Frame

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UNIT 2
 Token Ring

Data Frame Fields

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 Token Ring

Data Frame Fields

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UNIT 2
 Token Ring

Token Ring process

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UNIT 2
 Token Ring Switch

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UNIT 2
 Token Ring MAU

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 Token Ring: FDDI: Fiber Distributed dual
Interface

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UNIT 2
 Token Ring: Fiber Distributed dual Interface
FDDI Example

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 Token Ring: FDDI

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 FDDI Frame format

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 Token Ring: Fiber Distributed dual Interface

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 Token Ring: Fiber Distributed dual Interface

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UNIT 2
 Token Ring: Fiber Distributed dual Interface
FDDI Nodes

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UNIT 2
 Metropolitan Area Networks : IEEE 802.6
DQDB distributed Queue dual interface

• IEEE 802.6
• DQDB (Distributed Queues, Dual Bus)
• SMDS (Switched Megabit Data Services)
 Metropolitan Area Networks : IEEE 802.6
DQDB distributed Queue dual interface
DQDB Buses and Nodes

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 Metropolitan Area Networks : IEEE 802.6
DQDB distributed Queue dual interface
DQDB Data Transmission

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UNIT 2
 DQDB distributed Queue dual interface
Queues

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 DQDB distributed Queue dual interface

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 DQDB distributed Queue dual interface
Reservation Token

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 DQDB distributed Queue dual interface

DQDB Rings

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 DQDB distributed Queue dual interface

DQDB Rings

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 DQDB distributed Queue dual interface
DQDB Layers

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UNIT 2
 Data Link Layer Protocols

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UNIT 2
 Data Link Layer Protocols
HDLC Configuration

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 Data Link Layer Protocols
HDLC Configuration

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 Data Link Layer Protocols

HDLC Configuration

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UNIT 2
 Data Link Layer Protocols

HDLC Modes

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 Data Link Layer Protocols
HDLC Frame Types

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 Data Link Layer Protocols
HDLC Frame Types

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 Data Link Layer Protocols
HDLC Frame Types

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UNIT 2
 Data Link Layer Protocols
HDLC Flag Field

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 Data Link Layer Protocols
Bit de-stuffing

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 Data Link Layer Protocols

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UNIT 2
 Data Link Layer Protocols
HDLC Address Field

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 Data Link Layer Protocols
HDLC Control Field

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 Data Link Layer Protocols

Poll/Final

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 Data Link Layer Protocols
HDLC Information Field

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UNIT 2
 Data Link Layer Protocols
HDLC FCS Field

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2
 Data Link Layer Protocols

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UNIT 2
 Data Link Layer Protocols

Use of P/F Field

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 Data Link Layer Protocols
Use of P/F Field

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 Data Link Layer Protocols
Use of P/F Field

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 Data Link Layer Protocols

Use of P/F Field

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UNIT 2
 Data Link Layer Protocols
Use of P/F Field

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UNIT 2
 Data Link Layer Protocols
U-Frame Control Field

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 Data Link Layer Protocols
Polling Example

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UNIT 2
 Data Link Layer Protocols
Selecting Example

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 Data Link Layer Protocols
Peer-to-Peer Example

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UNIT 2
 Data Link Layer Protocols
Peer-to-Peer Example

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UNIT 2
 Multiple Access Protocols

Objective: Study about basic concept of Multiple Access Protocols

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UNIT 2
 Multiple Access Protocols

RANDOM ACCESS Protocols

In random access or contention methods, no station is superior to

another station and none is assigned the control over another. No
station permits, or does not permit, another station to send. At each
instance, a station that has data to send uses a procedure defined by the
protocol to make a decision on whether or not to send.
• ALOHA
• Carrier Sense Multiple Access
• Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection
• Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance

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UNIT 2
 Multiple Access Protocols

Frames in a pure ALOHA network

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UNIT 2
 Multiple Access Protocols

Procedure for pure ALOHA protocol

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2
 Multiple Access Protocols

Vulnerable time for pure ALOHA protocol

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UNIT 2
 Multiple Access Protocols

The throughput for pure ALOHA is

S = G × e −2G .
The maximum throughput
Smax = 0.184 when G= (1/2).

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UNIT 2
 Multiple Access Protocols

Frames in a slotted ALOHA network

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UNIT 2
 Multiple Access Protocols

The throughput for slotted ALOHA is

S = G × e−G .
The maximum throughput
Smax = 0.368 when G = 1.

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UNIT 2
 Multiple Access Protocols
Vulnerable time for slotted ALOHA protocol

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UNIT 2
 Multiple Access Protocols
Random access protocol: Evolution of CSMA/CD

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UNIT 2
 Multiple Access Protocols
Random access protocol: CSMA

Behavior of CSMA three persistence methods

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UNIT 2
 Multiple Access Protocols
Random access protocol: CSMA
Flow diagram for three persistence methods

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 Multiple Access Protocols
Random access protocol: CSMA/CD
Flow diagram for the CSMA/CD

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UNIT 2
 Multiple Access Protocols
Random access protocol: Evolution of CSMA/CA
Timing in CSMA/CA

In CSMA/CA, the IFS can also be used to define the priority of a station or a frame.

In CSMA/CA, if the station finds the channel busy, it does not restart the
timer of the contention window; it stops the timer and restarts it when the
channel becomes idle.

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UNIT 2
 Multiple Access Protocols

Flow diagram for

CSMA/CA

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UNIT 2
 Multiple Access Protocols

CONTROLLED ACCESS
In controlled access, the stations consult one another to find which
station has the right to send. A station cannot send unless it has been
authorized by other stations. We discuss three popular controlled-access
methods.

• Reservation
• Polling
• Token Passing

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2
 Multiple Access Protocols: Controlled Access

Reservation access method

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 Multiple Access Protocols: Controlled Access

Select and poll functions in polling access method

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UNIT 2
 Questions

A pure ALOHA network transmits 200-bit frames on a shared

channel of 200 kbps. What is the requirement to make this frame
collision-free?
Solution
Average frame transmission time Tfr is 200 bits/200 kbps or 1 ms.
The vulnerable time is 2 × 1 ms = 2 ms. This means no station
should send later than 1 ms before this station starts transmission
and no station should start sending during the one 1-ms period
that this station is sending.

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UNIT 2
 Questions

A pure ALOHA network transmits 200-bit frames on a shared channel of

200 kbps. What is the throughput if the system (all stations together)
produces
a. 1000 frames per second b. 500 frames per second
c. 250 frames per second.
Solution
The frame transmission time is 200/200 kbps or 1 ms.

a. If the system creates 1000 frames per second, this is 1

frame per millisecond. The load is 1. In this case
S = G× e−2 G or S = 0.135 (13.5 percent). This means
that the throughput is 1000 × 0.135 = 135 frames. Only
135 frames out of 1000 will probably survive.

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UNIT 2
 Solution cont…
b. If the system creates 500 frames per second, this is
(1/2) frame per millisecond. The load is (1/2). In this
case S = G × e −2G or S = 0.184 (18.4 percent). This
means that the throughput is 500 × 0.184 = 92 and that
only 92 frames out of 500 will probably survive. Note
that this is the maximum throughput case,
percentagewise.

c. If the system creates 250 frames per second, this is (1/4)

frame per millisecond. The load is (1/4). In this case
S = G × e −2G or S = 0.152 (15.2 percent). This means
that the throughput is 250 × 0.152 = 38. Only 38
frames out of 250 will probably survive.

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UNIT 2
 Questions

A slotted ALOHA network transmits 200-bit frames on a shared channel of

200 kbps. What is the throughput if the system (all stations together)
produces
a. 1000 frames per second b. 500 frames per second
c. 250 frames per second.
Solution
The frame transmission time is 200/200 kbps or 1 ms.
a. If the system creates 1000 frames per second, this is 1
frame per millisecond. The load is 1. In this case
S = G× e−G or S = 0.368 (36.8 percent). This means
that the throughput is 1000 × 0.0368 = 368 frames.
Only 386 frames out of 1000 will probably survive.

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2
 Questions
b. If the system creates 500 frames per second, this is
(1/2) frame per millisecond. The load is (1/2). In this
case S = G × e−G or S = 0.303 (30.3 percent). This
means that the throughput is 500 × 0.0303 = 151.
Only 151 frames out of 500 will probably survive.

c. If the system creates 250 frames per second, this is (1/4)

frame per millisecond. The load is (1/4). In this case
S = G × e −G or S = 0.195 (19.5 percent). This means
that the throughput is 250 × 0.195 = 49. Only 49
frames out of 250 will probably survive.

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2
 Questions

A network using CSMA/CD has a bandwidth of 10 Mbps. If the

maximum propagation time (including the delays in the devices and
ignoring the time needed to send a jamming signal, as we see later) is
25.6 μs, what is the minimum size of the frame?

Solution
The frame transmission time is Tfr = 2 × Tp = 51.2 μs. This means, in
the worst case, a station needs to transmit for a period of 51.2 μs to
detect the collision. The minimum size of the frame is 10 Mbps ×
51.2 μs = 512 bits or 64 bytes. This is actually the minimum size of
the frame for Standard Ethernet.

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 Flow Control

Objective: Study about basic concept of Flow control and its type.

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 Flow Control
Stop and Wait

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2
 Flow Control
Sliding Window

Window size : n Window size – 7

Frame no. from: 0 to n Frame no. from 0 to 7

7 frames can be transmitted without getting acknowledgement

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 Flow Control
Sender Sliding Window

Window size : n Window size : 7

Frame no. from: 0 to n Frame no. from 0 to 7

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UNIT 2
 Flow Control
Receiver Sliding Window

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UNIT 2
 Flow Control: Example sliding window

Sliding Window Example

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UNIT 2
 Flow Control : Example sliding window
Sender

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2
 Flow Control : Example sliding window
Receiver

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UNIT 2
 Flow Control and error control

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 Flow Control and error control:
Damaged Frame

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UNIT 2
 Flow Control and error control

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UNIT 2
 Flow Control and error control
Lost Frame

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 Flow Control and error control

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UNIT 2
 Flow Control and error control

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UNIT 2
 Error Detection and Correction

Objective: Study about basic concept of Error detection and correction methods

• Types of Errors
• Detection
• Correction
 Error Detection and Correction

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UNIT 2
 Error Detection and Correction

Single-bit error

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 Error Detection and Correction
Multiple-bit error

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 Error Detection and Correction
Burst error

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 Error Detection and Correction
Redundancy

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 Error Detection and Correction

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 Error Detection and Correction
VRC

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 Error Detection and Correction

LRC

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 Error Detection and Correction
VRC and LRC

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UNIT 2
 Error Detection and Correction

CRC :cyclic Redundancy check

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UNIT 2
 Error Detection

Binary Division

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UNIT 2
 Error Detection: CRC
Polynomial

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 Error Detection: CRC

Standard Polynomials

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UNIT 2
 Error Detection: CRC

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 Error Detection: CRC
CRC
Checksum

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 Error Detection: CRC
CRC

Data Unit and Checksum

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UNIT 2
 Error Detection and correction : hamming code

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 Error Detection and correction : hamming code

Hamming Code

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 Error Detection and correction : hamming code

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 Error Detection and correction : hamming code

Example of Hamming Code

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UNIT 2
 Error Detection
Detection:and
CRCcorrection : hamming code
correction code
Single-bit error

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UNIT 2
 Error Detection and correction : hamming code

Error
Detection

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UNIT 2
 Faculty Video Links, Youtube & NPTEL
Video Links and Online Courses Details
Youtube /other Video Links

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JFF2vJaN0Cw&list=PLxCzCO
Wd7aiGFBD2-2joCpWOLUrDLvVV_

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yNedVgNyE8Q

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Bhawna CN KCS603 UnitCN
Number 2 150
UNIT 2
 Daily Quiz

1. Let G(x) be the generator polynomial used for CRC checking.

What is the condition that should be satisfied by G(x) to detect odd
number of bits in error?
(A) G(x) contains more than two terms
(B) G(x) does not divide 1+x^k, for any k not exceeding the frame
length
(C) 1+x is a factor of G(x)
(D) G(x) has an odd number of terms.

2. Data link layer deal with data in the form of –

a. Bit b. Packet c. Frame d. Segment
3. In Bit stuffing we insert-------- after 00000.
a. 1 b. 0 c. 00 d. 11

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 Daily
Weekly Quiz
Assignment

4. In Ethernet when Manchester encoding is used, the bit rate is:

(A) Half the baud rate. (B) Twice the baud rate.
(C) Same as the baud rate. (D) None of the above
5. Which of the following is a MAC address?
(A) 192.166.200.50 (B) 00056A:01A01A5CCA7FF60
(C) 568, Airport Road (D) 01:A5:BB:A7:FF:60
6. Pure and Slotted term related to which type of protocol-
a. CSMA b. ALOHA c. Token ring d. FDDI
7. IEEE 802.5 related to protocol-
a. Internetworking b. Ethernet c. Token ring d. Token Bus
8. IEEE 802.3 related to protocol-
a. Internetworking b. Ethernet c. Token ring d. Token Bus
9. Which combination is correct for IPv6 and IPv4 –
a. 48 & 32 b. 32 & 48 c. 128 & 48 d. 128 & 32
10.CRC method is –
a. Error Detection b. Error Correction c. Both d. None of above
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 Weekly Assignment
1. Name the functions of Data link layer (CO2)
2. Name the error control methods at data link layer. (CO2)
3. Explain the need of flow control. (CO2)
4. Calculate the frame transmission time for the frame length 30
bytes at the speed of 10Mbps. (CO2)
5. Name the IEEE standards for LAN.(CO2)
6. DQDB and FDDI standards.(CO2)
7. Explain the format of token in token ring topology. (CO2)
8. Explain the need of bit stuffing. (CO2)
9. find the checksum for the given data 1010000111001010(CO2)
20. Write the efficiency of pure aloha and slotted aloha
protocol(CO2)
11. Calculate CRC code for given data 10011000 with given divisor
x3+x2+1(CO2)
12. Calculate hamming code for the given 7 bit data 1101101. (CO2)
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 MCQ s

1.Sliding window ARQ generally implemented in (CO3)

a) Go-Back-N ARQ
b) Go-Reject-N ARQ
c) Selective reject ARQ
d) A &C

2. HDLC is an acronym for _______. (CO3)

e) High-duplex line communication
f) High-level data link control
g) Half-duplex digital link combination
h) Host double-level circuit

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 MCQ s

3. Which among the following represents the objectives/requirements of Data

Link Layer? (CO3)

a. Frame Synchronization
b. Error & Flow Control
c. Both a & b
d. None of the above

4. Which feature of Go-Back-N ARQ mechanism possesses an ability to assign

the sliding window in the forward direction? (CO3)

a. Control Variables
b. Sender Sliding Window
c. Receiver Sliding Window
d. Resending of frames

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 Old Question Papers

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 OldOldQuestion Papers
Question Papers

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 Expected Questions for University Exam

1. Compare CSMA, CSMA/CD and CSMA/CA (CO3)

2. Measurements of a pure aloha channel with a infinite no. of users

show that 12% of the slots are idle. (CO3)

a) What is the offered load (G)

b) What is the throughput(S)
c) Is channel overload or under load.

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 Summary

In this unit we have discussed functions of data link layer

and how the data is represent at data link layer using data
link layer protocols.
How header is attached to the data received by network
layer and error is detected and corrected at receiver site as
well as flow control is managed so that receiver will not be
overflow by data.

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 Recap of Unit
• Functions of data link layer
• Sub layers of data link layer
• Project 802
• PDU format,MAC frame
• IEEE LAN standards
• Ethernet
• Token Ring
• FDDI
• DQDB
• Data Link Layer Protocols
• Multiple Access Protocol
• Flow control
• Error control
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 References

Books:
1. Forouzen, "Data Communication and Networking",TMH

2. A.S. Tanenbaum, Computer Networks, Pearson Education

3. W. Stallings, Data and Computer Communication,

MacmillanPress

Thank You

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