Noida Institute of Engineering and

Technology, Greater Noida

Introduction to computer Network
Computer Networks

Unit: 1

Computer Networks
(ACSE502) Purnima Pal
ECE
B Tech 5th Sem Department

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 Syllabus

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 Course Objective

The objective of this course is to understand introduction

of computer networks with suitable transmission media and
different networking devices. Network protocols which are
essential for the computer network are need to explain such
as data link layer protocols and routing protocols.
A detail explanation of IP addressing , TCP/IP protocols and
application layer protocols are covered in this course.

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 Course Outcome

At the end of the course the student should be able to:

CO1:Explain basic concepts, OSI reference model, services and role of
each
layer of OSI model and TCP/IP, networks devices and
transmission
media, Analog and digital data transmission.
CO2: Apply channel allocation, framing, error and flow control
techniques.
CO3: Describe the functions of Network Layer i.e. Logical addressing,
subnetting & Routing Mechanism.
CO4: Explain the different Transport Layer function i.e. Port
addressing,
Connection Management, Error control and Flow control
mechanism.
CO5: Explain the functions offered by session and presentation layer
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 PO’s
1.Engineering knowledge
2. Problem analysis
3. Design/development of solutions
4. Conduct investigations of complex problems
5. Modern tool usage
6. The engineer and society
7. Environment and sustainability
8. Ethics
9. Individual and team work
10. Communication
11. Project management and finance
12. Life-long learning

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 CO-PO Mapping
Computer Networks ( ) Year of Study: 2022-23

CO PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12

CO-1 3 2 2 2 2 2 3

CO-2 3 3 2 3

CO-3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 3

CO-4 3 2 2 2 3

CO-5 3 3 2 2 3 2 3

CO-6 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3

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 PSO’s
On successful completion of graduation degree, The computer Science &
Engineering graduates will be able to:

PSO1: identify, analyze real world problems and design their ethical solutions
using artificial intelligence, robotics, virtual/augmented reality, data analytics,
block chain technology, and cloud computing.

PSO2: design and develop the hardware sensor devices and related
interfacing software systems for solving complex engineering problems.

PSO 3: understand inter-disciplinary computing techniques and to apply them

in the design of advanced computing.

PSO 4: conduct investigation of complex problem with the help of technical,

managerial, leadership qualities, and modern engineering tools provided by
industry sponsored laboratories.

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 PSO’s
CO PSO1 PSO2 PSO3 PSO4

KCS603.1 2 2 2 2

KCS603.2 2 2 2 2

KCS603.3 2 2 2 3

KCS603.4 2 2 2 2

KCS603.5 2 2 2 2

KCS606 2 2 2 2

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 Program Educational Objectives
PEO 1: To have an excellent scientific and engineering breadth so as to
comprehend, analyze, design and provide sustainable solutions for real-life
problems using state-of-the-art technologies.

PEO 2: To have a successful career in industries, to pursue higher studies or to

support entrepreneurial endeavors and to face the global challenges.

PEO 3:To have an effective communication skills, professional attitude, ethical

values and a desire to learn specific knowledge in emerging trends,
technologies for research, innovation and product development and
contribution to society.

PEO 4: To have life-long learning for up-skilling and re-skilling for successful
professional career as engineer, scientist, entrepreneur and bureaucrat for
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 Result Analysis

COMPUTER NETWORK

Department wise Result of VI sem. 100

Subject wise result 100

Faculty wise result 100

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 End semester Question paper
templates

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 Prerequisite and Recap

• Fundamental of computer
• Interconnection of computer
✔ Types of computer
✔ Generation of computer
Applications
• i) Data sharing
• ii) Resource sharing
• iii) Cost reduction
• iv) Increase reliability

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 Content
Unit 1
Introduction:
• Goals and applications of networks,
• Categories of networks,
Organization of the Internet, ISP
• Network structure and architecture (layering principles, services,
protocols and standards),
• The OSI reference model
• TCP/IP protocol suite
• Network devices and components
Physical Layer:
• Network topology design, Types of connections
• Transmission media
• Signal transmission and encoding
• Network performance and transmission impairments
• Switching techniques and multiplexing

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 Unit Objective

The objective of this course is to understand the types

of computer networks, applications, goals, different
type of transmission media, data encoding and
different types of architecture like OSI and TCP/IP
model.

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 Introduction to computer Network
Objective: Study about basic concept of computer networks and its
types

Computer Network
A computer network is a group of computers linked to each
other that enables the computer to communicate with
another computer and share their resources, data, and
applications.
OR
A computer network is group of nodes (like computer, router,
…),interconnected with media (wired or wireless ) for the
purpose of sharing their resources, data, and applications.

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 Essential Elements of Communication

• A message
• A sender
• A receiver
• A medium

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 Three Network Subtypes

• Local Area Network (LAN)

• Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
• Wide Area Network (WAN)

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 LAN/MAN/WAN Comparison
LAN MAN WAN
Limited—typically Limited—typically Unlimited
Distance up to 2,500 up to 00
meters or 2 miles kilometers or 100 Slower—usuall
miles y 1.5 Mbps
High—typically in
Speed excess of 10 High—typically Locally owned
Mbps—10,100 100 Mbps and common
and 1,000 are carrier—
Media Locally owned twisted-pair
standard
and common wires, CNxial
Locally owned— carrier— twisted- cable, fiber
Nodes twisted-pair pair wires, fiber optic cable,
wires, fiber optic optic cable wireless to
cable, wireless include satellite
(not satellite) Can be any, but
most are Can be any,
Can be any, but desktop but most are
most are desktop computers and desktop
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computers minicomputers
 The OSI Reference Model
Objective: Study about OSI model & TCP/IP model with its function of
each
layer
• The problem of network interconnection is so important
that the ISO created the OSI Reference Model that
describes the functions a generic network needs to provide.

• The OSI Reference Model has become the basis for many
data communications standards.

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 OSI Peer Layer Communication

Processor 1 Processor 2

Application Application

Presentation Presentation

Session Session

Transport Transport

Network Network

Data Link Data Link

Physical Physical

Logical Path Physical Path

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 OSI Peer Layer Communication

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 OSI Peer Layer Communication

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 OSI Peer Layer Communication
• Application Layer
– The application on Node A builds a record with a
transaction identifier, the number of the account to be
updated, the date and time of the transaction, and the
amount to be deducted.

• Presentation Layer
– The presentation layer is responsible for translating from
one format to another.

• Session Layer
– The session layer’s major functions are to set up and
perhaps monitor a set of dialogue rules by which the
two applications can communicate and to bring a
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 OSI Peer Layer Communication

Transport Layer
The transport layer is the first of the OSI layers responsible
for actually transmitting the data.
Network Layer
The network layer provides accounting and routing
functions.
Data Link Layer
The data link layer is responsible for data delineation, error
detection, and logical control of the link.
Physical Layer
The physical layer does not append anything to the
message. It simply accepts the message from the data
link layer and translates the bits into signals on the
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 TCP/IP Model OR INTERNET MODEL

Processor 1 Processor 2

Application Application

Presentation Presentation

Session Session

Transport Transport

Network Network

Data Link Data Link

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 TCP/IP Model VS. OSI MODEL

TCP/IP vs. OSI Model

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 TCP/IP Model VS. OSI MODEL

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 TCP/IP Model VS. OSI MODEL

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 TCP/IP Model VS. OSI MODEL

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 Type of Network
LAN
• A LAN services a limited geographic area at high
speeds—usually 10 million bits per second or higher. All
components of the LAN are commonly owned by the
organization that uses it.

• The nodes in many of today’s LANs are desktop

systems like personal computers. Henceforth, we will
also use the terms workstations, clients, and servers in
referring to LAN nodes.

• A workstation is used here to represent a LAN user’s

computer; other terms used in referring to a
workstation are client and node.

• A server is a network
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 Type of Network
MAN
• A MAN (metropolitan area network) is a high-speed
network covering wider distances than LAN.

• A MAN spans distances of approximately 100 miles;

therefore, it is suitable for connecting devices and LANs in
a metropolitan area.

• MAN speeds are typically 100 Mbps or higher.

• The most commonly implemented MAN is the fiber
distributed data interface (FDDI). It operates at 100 Mbps
over fiber optic cable for distances up to 200 kilometers.

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 Type of Network
WAN
• A WAN is the oldest type of network.

• WANs generally span a wide geographic area like a

state, province, country, or multiple countries.
However, some WANs are confined to a limited
geographic area, like a LAN.

• A WAN in a limited geographic area could be easily

extended over a wide area using the same
technologies. The same is not true of a LAN.

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 Type of Network

General Network Implementations: VANs

• A VAN is a network owned by a communications utility
that sells the services of the network to other companies.
• A communications utility that owns a VAN provides
connectivity to multiple locations.
• The value added by the communications utility is the
maintenance and management of the communications
circuits.

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 Type of Network

General Network Implementations:

Enterprise Networks
• An enterprise network is an organization’s complete
network.
• With the advent of LANs, many companies installed
departmental LANs to improve the productivity of work
groups.
• Soon, these companies realized that there was a benefit to
having users on one LAN communicate with users or
applications on other LANs or on the WAN, and the various
networks were connected together to form one corporate-
wide network, the enterprise network.

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 Type of Network

General Network Implementations: The

Internet
• An internet (with a lowercase ‘i’) is the interconnection of
two or more networks. An enterprise networks just
described is an example of an internet.
• An internet is any set of interconnected Internet Protocol
(IP) networks. the Internet is an internet, but the
reverse does not apply. The Internet is sometimes called
the connected internet.
• The Internet (with an uppercase ‘I’) is a specific instance of
an internet.
• The Internet is a global network of networks. The Internet is
made up of hundreds of networks, thousands of nodes,
and millions of users
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world.
 Type of Network
General Network Implementations:
Intranets
• An intranet is an organization’s private Web.
• Companies have found that WWW capabilities can
improve the information flow and availability in a company.
• Companies may use an intranet rather than publishing on
the Internet because the information being provided is
intended for corporate use only and not for the public at
large.

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 Mode of Transmission

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 Simple
x

Examples:
1. Radio broadcasting 2. Television
broadcasting
3. computer to printer communication 4. Keyboard and
monitor
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 Half-
Duplex

Examples:
1. Walkie-Talkie, 2. a two-way radio that has a push-to-
talk button
3. One way road used for both side traffic but not at a same
time

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 Full-
Duplex

Examples:
Telephone network and Mobile network

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 Line configuration

Examples:
• Mesh Topology
Examples:
Bus Topology
• Ring Topology

• Star Topology

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 Point-to-Point Line
Configuration

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 Point-to-Point Line
Configuration

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 Point-to-Point Line
Configuration

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 Multipoint Line
Configuration

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 Network Topology

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 Network Topology

Mesh
Topology

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1
 Network Topology
Mesh
Topology

No. of keys = 6

If N is node
then no. of When N=5
connection= Key= 10,
n(n-1)/2 When N=50
Key= ,

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 Network Topology
Star
Topology

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 Network Topology

Tree
Topology

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 Network Topology
Bus
Topology

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 Network Topology
Hybrid
Topology

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 Network Topology
Ring
Topology

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 Network Topology

Summary of Topology

If N no. of nodes
Types of Topology/No. of connection

Mesh N(N-1) / 2

Star N (excluding HUB), N-1 (Including HUB)

Bus N + 1 (for backbone cable)

Ring N

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 Transmission Media

• Guided Media

• Unguided Media
 Transmission Media
Objective: Study about basic concept of Transmission media and uses
in different
place.

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 Transmission Media

1. Guided Media:
It is also referred to as Wired or Bounded transmission media. Signals
being transmitted are directed and confined in a narrow pathway by
using physical links.
Features:
High Speed
Secure
Used for comparatively shorter distances
There are 3 major types of Guided Media:

(i) Twisted Pair Cable –

It consists of 2 separately insulated conductor wires wound about
each other. Generally, several such pairs are bundled together in a
protective sheath. They are the most widely used Transmission Media.
Twisted Pair is of two types:
Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)

Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)

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 Transmission Media

Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP):

This type of cable has the ability to block interference and does not depend
on a physical shield for this purpose. It is used for telephonic applications.
Advantages:
Least expensive
Easy to install
High-speed capacity

Shielded Twisted Pair (STP):

This type of cable consists of a special jacket to block external interference.
It is used in fast-data-rate Ethernet and in voice and data channels of
telephone lines. Advantages:
Better performance at a higher data rate in comparison to UTP
Eliminates crosstalk
Comparatively faster
Comparatively difficult to install and manufacture
More expensive
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 Transmission Media

CNxial Cable –
It has an outer plastic covering containing 2 parallel conductors each having
a separate insulated protection cover. The CNxial cable transmits
information in two modes: Baseband mode(dedicated cable bandwidth)
and Broadband mode(cable bandwidth is split into separate ranges). Cable
TVs and analog television networks widely use CNxial cables.
Advantages:
High Bandwidth
Better noise Immunity
Easy to install and expand

Optical Fibre Cable –

It uses the concept of reflection of light through a core made up of glass or
plastic. The core is surrounded by a less dense glass or plastic covering
called the cladding. It is used for the transmission of large volumes of data.
The cable can be unidirectional or bidirectional. The WDM (Wavelength
Division Multiplexer) supports two modes, namely unidirectional and
bidirectional mode.
Advantages:
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 Transmission Media

Advantages:

Increased capacity and bandwidth

Lightweight
Less signal attenuation
Immunity to electromagnetic interference
Resistance to corrosive materials

Disadvantages:

Difficult to install and maintain

High cost
Fragile

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 Twisted-Pair
Cable

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 Noise Effect

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 Transmission media
Noise on Twisted-Pair
Lines

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 Transmission media
Unshielded Twisted-Pair
Cable

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Figure
7-9 Transmission media
UTP
Connectors

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 Transmission media
Shielded Twisted-Pair
Cable

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 Transmission media

CNxial
Cable

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 Transmission media

BNC- Standing for Bayonet Neil-

Concelman, this connector is
used with television, video
signal and radio below a
frequency of 4GHz

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 Transmission media
Refractio
n

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 Transmission media
Critical
Angle

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Figure
7-15
Transmission media
Reflectio
n

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 Transmission media

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 Transmission media
Multimode Step-
Index

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 Transmission media
Multimode Graded-
Index

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 Transmission media
Single
Mode

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 Transmission media
Fiber
Construction

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 Transmission media
Step Index vs. Graded
Index

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 Transmission media

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 Encoding
Objective: Study about basic concept of Encoding techniques and its
types
Different Conversion
Schemes

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 Encoding
Digital to Digital
Encoding

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 Encoding
Types of Digital to Digital
Encoding

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 Encoding
Unipolar
Encoding

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 Encoding
Types of Polar
Encoding

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 Encoding
Encoding is the process of converting the data or a given sequence of
characters, symbols, alphabets etc., into a specified format, for the secured
transmission of data.

Decoding is the reverse process of encoding which is to extract the

information from the converted format.

Data Encoding
Encoding is the process of using various patterns of voltage or current levels
to represent 1s and 0s of the digital signals on the transmission link.

Non Return to Zero NRZ

NRZ Codes has 1 for High voltage level and 0 for Low voltage level. The
main behavior of NRZ codes is that the voltage level remains constant
during bit interval. The end or start of a bit will not be indicated and it will
maintain the same voltage state, if the value of the previous bit and the
value of the present bit are same.
The following figure explains the concept of NRZ coding.

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 Encoding
NRZ - L NRZ–LEVEL

There is a change in the polarity of the signal, only when the incoming
signal changes from 1 to 0 or from 0 to 1. It is the same as NRZ, however,
the first bit of the input signal should have a change of polarity.

NRZ - I NRZ–INVERTED

If a 1 occurs at the incoming signal, then there occurs a transition at the

beginning of the bit interval. For a 0 at the incoming signal, there is no
transition at the beginning of the bit interval.

NRZ codes has a disadvantage that the synchronization of the transmitter

clock with the receiver clock gets completely disturbed, when there is a
string of 1s and 0s. Hence, a separate clock line needs to be provided.

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 Encoding
Bi-phase Manchester
In this type of coding, the transition is done at the middle of the bit-interval.
The transition for the resultant pulse is from High to Low in the middle of
the interval, for the input bit 1. While the transition is from Low to High for
the input bit 0.

Differential Manchester
In this type of coding, there always occurs a transition in the middle of the
bit interval. If there occurs a transition at the beginning of the bit interval,
then the input bit is 0. If no transition occurs at the beginning of the bit
interval, then the input bit is 1.

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 Encoding

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 Encoding
NRZ-L and NRZ-I
Encoding

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 Encoding
RZ
Encoding

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 Encoding
Manchester and Diff. Manchester
Encoding

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 Encoding

Types of Bipolar
Encoding

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 Encoding
Bipolar AMI
Encoding

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 Encoding

Exampl
e

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 Encoding

Exampl
e

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 Multiplexing

Objective: Study about basic concept of Multiplexing and its types

Whenever the bandwidth of a medium linking two devices is greater than the
bandwidth needs of the devices, the link can be shared. Multiplexing is the set
of techniques that allows the simultaneous transmission of multiple signals
across a single data link. As data and telecommunications use increases, so
does traffic. In real life, we have links with limited bandwidths. Bandwidth
utilization is the wise use of available bandwidth to achieve specific goals.
Efficiency can be achieved by multiplexing.

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 Multiplexing

There are three basic multiplexing techniques: frequency-

division multiplexing, wavelength-division multiplexing, and
time-division multiplexing. The first two are techniques
designed for analog signals, the third, for digital signals.

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 Multiplexing
In a multiplexed system, n lines share the bandwidth of one link. The
lines on the left direct their transmission streams to a multiplexer
(MUX), which combines them into a single stream (many-to- one).

At the receiving end, that stream is fed into a demultiplexer (DEMUX),

which separates the stream back into its component transmissions
(one-to-many) and directs them to their corresponding lines.

In the figure, the word link refers to the physical path. The word
channel refers to the portion of a link that carries a transmission
between a given pair of lines. One link can have many (n) channels.

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 Multiplexing

• Frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) is an analog technique that

can be applied when the bandwidth of a link (in hertz) is greater than
the combined bandwidths of the signals to be transmitted.

• In FDM, signals generated by each sending device modulate different

carder frequencies. These modulated signals are then combined into a
single composite signal that can be transported by the link.

• Carrier frequencies are separated by sufficient bandwidth to

accommodate the modulated signal. These bandwidth ranges are the
channels through which the various signals travel.

• Channels can be separated by strips of unused bandwidth guard

bands to prevent signals from overlapping.

• In addition, carrier frequencies must not interfere with the original data
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 Multiplexing

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 Multiplexing

The de-multiplexer uses a series of filters to decompose the

multiplexed signal into its constituent component signals. The
individual signals are then passed to a demodulator that separates
them from their carriers and passes them to the output lines.

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 Multiplexing

Five channels, each with a 100-kHz bandwidth, are to be

multiplexed together. What is the minimum bandwidth of
the link if there is a need for a guard band of 10 kHz between
the channels to prevent interference?

Solution
For five channels, we need at least four guard bands. This
means that the required bandwidth is at least
5 × 100 + 4 × 10 = 540 kHz

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 Multiplexing
Wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) is designed to use the
high-data-rate capability of fiber-optic cable. The optical fiber data
rate is higher than the data rate of metallic transmission cable.
Using a fiber-optic cable for one single line wastes the available
bandwidth. Multiplexing allows us to combine several lines into
one. WDM is an analog multiplexing technique to combine optical
signals. The combining and splitting of light sources are easily
handled by a prism. Recall from basic physics that a prism bends a
beam of light based on the angle of incidence and the frequency.

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 Multiplexing

Using this technique, a multiplexer can be made to combine

several input beams of light, each containing a narrow band of
frequencies, into one output beam of a wider band of frequencies.
A de-multiplexer can also be made to reverse the process.

One application of WDM is the SONET network in which multiple

optical
fiber lines are multiplexed and de-multiplexed. A new method,
called dense WDM (DWDM), can multiplex a very large number of
channels by spacing channels
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achieves even greater efficiency.
 Multiplexing
Time-Division Multiplexing : Time-division multiplexing (TDM) is a
digital process that allows several connections to share the high
bandwidth of a link. Instead of sharing a portion of the bandwidth
as in FDM, time is shared. Each connection occupies a portion of
time in the link. Note that the same link is used as in FDM; here,
however, the link is shown sectioned by time rather than by
frequency. In the figure, portions of signals 1, 2, 3, and 4 occupy the
link sequentially. TDM is a digital multiplexing technique for
combining several low-rate channels into one high-rate one.

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 Multiplexing
We can divide TDM into two different schemes: synchronous and
statistical.
In synchronous TDM, each input connection has an allotment in the output
Time ifSlots
even andsending
it is not Frames:data.
In synchronous TDM, the data flow of each input
connection is divided into units, where each input occupies one input
time slot. A unit can be 1 bit, one character, or one block of data. Each
input unit becomes one output unit and occupies one output time slot.
However, the duration of an output time slot is n times shorter than the
duration of an input time slot. If an input time slot is T s, the output time
slot is T/n s, where n is the number of connections. In other words, a unit
in the output connection has a shorter duration; it travels faster. In
synchronous TDM, the data rate of the link is n times faster, and the unit
duration is n times shorter.

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 Multiplexing

Interleaving
TDM can be visualized as two fast-rotating switches, one on the
multiplexing side and the other on the demultiplexing side. The switches
are synchronized and rotate at the same speed, but in opposite directions.
On the multiplexing side, as the switch opens in front of a connection,
that connection has the opportunity to send a unit onto the path. This
process is called interleaving.
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 Internetworking Devices

Networking
and
Internetworkin
g
25-Aug-23
Devices
Sanjay NayakPal
Purnima
CN
KCS603 ACSE502CN
1
Unit Number:1
107
 Connecting
Devices

switches

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Figure
21-2

Connecting Devices and the OSI

Model

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Figure
21-3
A Repeater in the OSI
Model

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Figure
21-4
A
Repeater

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Figure
21-5
Function of a
Repeater

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Figure
21-6
A Bridge in the OSI
Model

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Figure
21-7

A
Bridge

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Figure
21-8
Function of a
Bridge

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Figure
21-9
Multiport
Bridge

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Figure 21-10

A Router in the OSI

Model

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Figure 21-11

Routers in an
Internet

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Figure 21-12

A Gateway in the OSI

Model

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Figure 21-13

A
Gateway

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 Faculty Video Links, Youtube & NPTEL
Video Links and Online Courses Details
• Youtube/other Video Links

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JvXro0dzJY8
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JvXro0dzJY8
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jOIB
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xHyJNkiGRd8

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 Daily Quiz
1. Which of the following network device has the slowest type of
connection?
A: DSL B: Router C: Bridges D: Dial-up modems
2. Which networking device connects one LAN to other LAN using
same
protocol?
A: Router B: Switch C: Bridge D: Modem
3. Straight through cable is used for connecting
a. Switch to switch b. Hub to switch c. System to system d. System
to switch
4. OSI model is-
a. 7 layers b. 6 layer c. 5 layer d. 4 layer
6. TCP/IP model contain –
a. 5 b. 7 c. 3 d. none of the above
7. ISDN stand for –
8. IEEE stand for –
9. Which topology is a example of multipoint connection-
a. BUS b. STAR c. RING d. MESH
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10. Step Index & Graded Index is example of which type of cable-
 Weekly Assignment

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 MCQ s
1. In.................... each packet of a message need not follow the
same path From sender to receiver. (CO1)
(A) Circuit switching
(B) message switching
(C) a virtual approach to packet switching
(D) The datagram approach to packet switching

2. A set of rules that governs data communication: (CO1)

A. Protocols
B. Standards
C. RFCs
D. None of the mentioned

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 MCQ s
3. Communication channel is shared by all the machines on the
network in:
A. broadcast network (CO1)
B. unicast network
C. multicast network
D. none of the mentioned

4. Which one of the following computer network is built on the top

of another network? (CO1)
A. prior network
B. chief network
C. prime network
D. overlay network

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 MCQ s

5. Draw digital encoded signal for 101001001

1) NRZ
2) RZ
3) NRZ-I
4) Manchester
5) Differential manchester

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 Old Question Papers

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 Old Question Papers

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 Expected Questions for University Exam
Q1. Compare OSI model and TCP/IP model (CO1)

Q2. Explain the transmission in fiber optical cable. (CO1)

Q3. Compare all topology methods , list the advantages and

drawback of different topologies (CO1)

Q4. List the functions of each layer in OSI model (CO1)

Q5. List the parameters for a efficient network (CO1)

Q6. Name the functions of physical layer (CO1)

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 Expected Questions for University Exam
Q7. List the layers of OSI model in bottom up order. (CO1)
Q8. How TCP/IP model introduced? (CO1)
Q9. Name the topologies which provide point to point
communication. (CO1)
Q10. Name the bipolar encoding methods. (CO1)
Q11. What is the maximum length allowed for a UTP cable?
(CO1)
Q12. How does a network topology affect your decision in
setting up a network? (CO1)
Q13. List the type of cables used in computer network. (CO1)
Q14. Name the multiplexing methods. (CO1)

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 Recape of unit

• Goals and applications of networks,

• Categories of networks,
Organization of the Internet, ISP
• Network structure and architecture (layering
principles, services,
protocols and standards),
• The OSI reference model
• TCP/IP protocol suite
• Network devices and components
Physical Layer:
• Network topology design, Types of connections
• Transmission media
• Signal transmission and encoding
• Network performance and transmission
impairments
25-Aug-23
• Switching Purnima
techniques
Pal
and multiplexing
ACSE502 CN 1 131
 References

Books:
1. Forouzen, "Data Communication and Networking",TMH

2. A.S. Tanenbaum, Computer Networks, Pearson

Education

3. W. Stallings, Data and Computer Communication,

MacmillanPress

Thank
25-Aug-23 You
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