Chapter 05: OPERATING

SYSTEMS
• Interface
• recognizing input from the keyboard,
• sending output to the display screen,
• keeping track of files and directories on the
disk,
• controlling peripheral devices
 What is an Operating System?

• n Operating System (OS) is a software that acts as an

interface between computer hardware components and
the user. Every computer system must have at least one
operating system to run other programs. Applications
like Browsers, MS Office, Notepad Games, etc., need
some environment to run and perform its tasks.
• The OS helps you to communicate with the computer
without knowing how to speak the computer's
language. It is not possible for the user to use any
computer or mobile device without having an operating
system.
• Operating System may be
defined as system software
which controls all the
resources of computer and
provides a base upon which
application programs can be
developed and handled.
• An Operating System may
also be viewed as an
organized collection of
system programs consisting
of control routines for
operating a computer and
for providing an environment
for execution of programs.
 Functions of Operating System

• Process management:- Process management helps OS to create and

delete processes. It also provides mechanisms for synchronization
and communication among processes.
• Memory management:- Memory management module performs the
task of allocation and de-allocation of memory space to programs in
need of this resources.
• File management:- It manages all the file-related activities such as
organization storage, retrieval, naming, sharing, and protection of
files.
• Device Management: Device management keeps tracks of all devices.
This module also responsible for this task is known as the I/O
controller. It also performs the task of allocation and de-allocation of
the devices.
• I/O System Management: One of the main objects of any OS is to
hide the peculiarities of that hardware devices from the user.
• Secondary-Storage Management: Systems have several levels of
storage which includes primary storage, secondary storage, and
cache storage. Instructions and data must be stored in primary
storage or cache so that a running program can reference it.
• Security:- Security module protects the data and information of a
computer system against malware threat and authorized access.
• Command interpretation: This module is interpreting commands
given by the and acting system resources to process that commands.
• Networking: A distributed system is a group of processors which do
not share memory, hardware devices, or a clock. The processors
communicate with one another through the network.
• Job accounting: Keeping track of time & resource used by various
job and users.
• Communication management: Coordination and assignment of
compilers, interpreters, and another software resource of the
various users of the computer systems.
 Types of Operating System (OS)

• Batch Operating System

• Some computer processes are very lengthy and time-consuming. To speed the same
process, a job with a similar type of needs are batched together and run as a group.
• The user of a batch operating system never directly interacts with the computer. In
this type of OS, every user prepares his or her job on an offline device like a punch
card and submit it to the computer operator.
• Multi-ProgrammingOperating systems
• In multi-programming system, when one program is waiting for I/O transfer; there is
another program ready to utilize the CPU. So it is possible for several jobs to share
the time of the CPU. But it is important to note that multi-programming is not
defined to be the execution of jobs at the same instance of time. Rather it does
mean that there are a number of jobs available to the CPU (placed in main memory)
and a portion of one is executed then a segment of another and so on.
• Multi-Tasking/Time-sharing Operating systems
• Time-sharing operating system enables people located at a different terminal(shell)
to use a single computer system at the same time. The processor time (CPU) which is
shared among multiple users is termed as time sharing.
• Real time OS
• A real time operating system time interval to process and respond to inputs is
very small. Examples: Military Software Systems, Space Software Systems are the
Real time OS example.
• Distributed Operating System
• Distributed systems use many processors located in different machines to
provide very fast computation to its users.
• Network Operating System
• Network Operating System runs on a server. It provides the capability to serve to
manage data, user, groups, security, application, and other networking functions.
• Mobile OS
• Mobile operating systems are those OS which is especially that are designed to
power smartphones, tablets, and wearables devices.
• Some most famous mobile operating systems are Android and iOS, but others
include BlackBerry, Web, and watchOS.
 Operating Systems (DOS and Windows) for
Personal Computers
MS-DOS:
MS-DOS stands for Microsoft Disk Operating System and is a single user
operating system developed by Microsoft. Microsoft is a software
company in Redmount, Washington, U.S.A. It was introduced in 1981
jointly by Microsoft and IBM and was the most popular operating system
for personal computers in 1980s. Some of the disk and file maintenance
commands of MS-DOS are as follows:
DIR: To list the directory
TREE: To list all disk subdirectories and their subdirectories
TYPE : To see the contents of a file on the screen REN To rename a disk file
DEL: To erase files from a disk
COPY: To copy files from one location of disk to another
DISKCOPY: To copy the entire diskette
FORMAT: To realign the tracks and sectors of the diskette
Short Note:
GUI:
• A GUI (graphical user interface) is a system of interactive
visual components for computer software. A GUI displays
objects that convey information, and represent actions
that can be taken by the user. The objects change color,
size, or visibility when the user interacts with them.
• The GUI was first developed at Xerox PARC by Alan
Kay, Douglas Engelbart, and a group of other researchers
in 1981. Later, Apple introduced the Lisa computer with a
GUI on January 19, 1983.
 The limitations of this OS are:
1. Under DOS, only a single program can be loaded into
memory at a time.
2. DOS was not designed to handle the large amounts of
RAM that today’s PCs typically use.
3. DOS was designed for 16-bit CPUs and can not take
advantage of the 32-bit architecture of the 486, Pentium,
and later chips.
4. DOS filenames are limited to eight characters, plus a
three character “extension” following a period sign.
5. 5. DOS command-line interface is more difficult to learn
than a well designed GUI.
 Microsoft Windows:
Microsoft Windows operating system was developed by Microsoft to overcome
the limitations of its own MS-DOS operating system. The first successful
version of this operating system was Windows 3.0, which was released in
1990. The subsequently released versions were Windows 95, Windows 98,
Windows 2000, and Windows XP. The main features of Microsoft Windows
are as follows:
1. Its command-line interface is GUI. Hence, it is easier for a new user to learn
and use the system.
2. Microsoft Windows was designed to be not just an operating system, but
also a complete operating environment. For example, Microsoft word
processor works similarly the way a Microsoft spreadsheet works. This
means that the experience gained by learning one Windows program is
useful while using any other Microsoft windows program.
3. It is a single user, multi-tasking operating system. It means that a user may
run more than one program at a time.