Computer Operating

Systems

N A M E – D I V YA
CLASS– M.SC FORENSIC (PREVIOUS)
ROLL NO– 1302
S U B M I TT E D T O – M S. N I D H I H O O D A
 Operating System

 An operating system is a program which performances as

an interface b/w the computer system users and the
computer hardware components.
 It displays for a comprehensible setting in which a user
may effortlessly develop and execute programs.
 The operating system accomplishes resources and
distributes them to specific programs and users.
 In actual fact , there is a body of software , that is in control
for making it easy to run programs to share memory ,
facilitating programs to interact with devices.
 That body of software is known as the operating
system(OS) , as it is in charge of making sure that system
operates appropriately and proficiently in an easy-to-user
manner.
 Conti…

 The OS makes memory accessible to an application when

necessary.
 OS used as pre-defined library for hardware – software
interaction.
 OS uses the KERNAL (one program running at all time)
mode of the microprocessor, whereas other programs use
the user mode.
 OS affords services for---
 Processor management
 Memory management
 File management
 Device management
 Concurrency management
 Types of operating system

 Batch Operating System

The batch OS do not interact with the computer
directly. Each user formulates job on an offline device
like punch card and submits it to the computer operator.
To speed up processing , jobs with similar needs are
batched together, to run as a group.
 Time sharing operating system
It is a technique which enable many people located at
many terminals to use a specific computer system at the
same time. Time sharing or multitasking is a logical
extension of multiprogramming. Processor time which is
shared among multiple user simultaneously is termed as
Time –Sharing.
 Conti…

 Distributed Operating System

Distributed OS uses multiple central processor to serve
multiple real time applications and multiple users. With
resource sharing facility a user at one site may be able
to use the resources available at another.
 Network Operating system
A network OS runs on a server and provides the server
the capability to manage data , users, groups , security ,
applications and other networking functions. The
primary purpose of network OS is to allow shared files
and printer access among multiple computers in
network typically a local area network , a private
network or to other networks.
 DOS

 Microsoft DOS was introduced in 1981

 DOS stands for Disk Operating System
 DOS controls the computer’s hardware and
provides an environment for programs to run
 This system program must always be present
when working with your computer
Dos is a single user operating system. Single user
operating system is most popular in
microcomputer upto mid of 1990s.It is also called
DOS because it is store on a disk of a computer.
 Major task of a DOS

The major tasks the DOS must carry out are:-

 To control input and output devices.
 To enable user to load and execute program.
 To maintain an orderly system of data on the disk

DOS Files
DOS has three important or special files are :-
BAT (batch files)
COM (command files)
EXE (executable files)
 DOS Commands

DOS consist of a series of a program designed to

control the computer resources.
DOS commands have three parts: File name,
parameters, switches.
Mostly these commands consist of regular English
word like words.
 For example ERASE,COPY,DEL,PRINT etc.

Types of DOS Commands

 There are two types of DOS commands.
DOS Internal Commands.
DOS External Commands.
 Conti…

DOS Internal Commands

DOS internal commands are stored in the COMMAND.COM file.
DOS internal command are loaded automatically
into the memory (RAM) when you start your systems.
These includes the simpler and common commands
that are needed on regular basis.
 Internal commands are the part of COMMAND.COM

Some DOS Internal Commands

 Some DOS internal command are:-
 CLS – CLS command is use for clear the screen.
 VER – Display the DOS version number.
 VOL –Displays the volume label and serial
 TYPE –Display the contents of a text.
 Exit –Exit the command processor(COMMAND.COM Program).
 Conti…

DOS External Commands

Second type of DOS Commands is External command.
DOS External Command required less frequently.
These are reside on disk.
Loaded automatically into memory (RAM) only when needed.
Some DOS External Commands
 Some DOS External Commands are:-
 CHKDSK – Check the validity of disk and reports the total
space, number of files and amount of free space.
 COMP – Compare the content of two sets of files.
 COMMAND – Starts the command processor.
 SYS –Creates a bootable drive.
 WINDOWS

History
Microsoft Windows operating system was developed by
Microsoft to overcome the limitation of its own MS-
DOS Operating System.
First successful version were Windows 3.0, in 1990.
Subsequently released version were Windows 98,
Windows 98, Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows
Vista, Windows 7 & latest Windows 8.
 Common Features of Windows OS

Program Execution
Providing Interfaces
Handling Input / Output Operations
Error Handling
Memory management
Process management
Windows Current Versions

Windows 2000

Windows XP

Windows XP
Professional

Windows Vista

Windows 7

Windows 8
 Windows 2000

 Firstly released on 17 February, 2000

 Mostly used on Personal Computers,
 Business desktops and Laptops
 Designed for home use
 Windows File protection Introduced
 System File Checker facility

Windows XP
 Released in August, 2001
 “XP” is the short form of experience.
 First consumer orientated & Mostly populated product of MS-DOS
 Anti-aliased 2D graphics, textures
 Taskbar buttons for running applications and Quick Launch
 Windows XP Professional

 Detection any type of error

 complete digital media support
 Premier mobile support for the ability to work offline
 Greater security, encrypt files and folders
 Built-in high performance multiprocessor

Windows Vista
 Windows Aero
 Improved Searching Features
 Redesigned printing, audio, networking and display
Parental Control
 Windows Mail
 Speech Recognition (Accessibility)
 Windows 7

 Improved Boot Performance

 Redesigned Taskbar
 Aero Snap
 Support for SSD
 Enhanced Stability
 Network Virtualization
 Jump Lists
 Moveable taskbar icons
 Customize UAC
 Control over System Tray icons
 Media Player Lightweight mode
 Windows 8

Tile-based Interface
Simpler Shutdown
Narrator (Reads everything you touch ,
Sounds to confirm , Helps blind)
Snap Apps
File History
Search Function
Two Touch Keyboards
Sync Settings
 Advantage of windows

Easy to use
User friendly
Intermediate b/w all hardware’s and
software’s of the system
No need to know any technical languages.
 LINUX

Definition & Naming of Linux

Operating System The Linux open source
operating system, or Linux OS, is a freely
distributable, cross-platform operating
system based on Unix that can be installed
on PCs, laptops, notebooks, mobile and tablet
devices, video game consoles, servers,
supercomputers and more.
It was developed by Linus Torvalds.
 Components of Linux System

a) Kernel − Kernel is the core part of Linux. It is responsible for all major
activities of this operating system.
b) System Library − System libraries are special functions or programs
using which application programs or system utilities accesses Kernel's
features
c) System Utility − System Utility programs are responsible to do
specialized, individual level tasks.

Basic Features of Linux

a)Portable − Portability means software can works on different types of
hardware in same way.
b) Open Source − Linux source code is freely available and it is community
based development project.
c) Multiprogramming − Linux is a multiprogramming system means
multiple applications can run at same time.
d) Security − Linux provides user security using authentication features like
password protection/ controlled access to specific files/ encryption of data.
Architecture of Linux Operating
System
The architecture of Linux contains some layers :

a) Hardware layer − Hardware consists of all peripheral devices (RAM/

HDD/ CPU etc.)
b) Kernel − It is the core component of Operating System, interacts directly
with hardware, provides low level services to upper layer components.
c) Shell − It takes commands from the user and executes kernel's functions.
d) Utilities − Utility programs that provide the user
most of the functionalities of an operating systems.

About Kernel
 It interacts with the actual hardware in machine language.
 It is the monarch who has overall control of everything.
 It has various functions such as file management , data transfer between
file system and hardware, memory management, scheduling of various
programs in the memory, interrupts issues.
 Distribution of Linux

 Corel Linux
 Debian GNU/Linux
 OpenLinux (Caldera)
 Red Hat
 Ubuntu
 TurboLinux

Why we use Linux?

 Costless
 Stable
 Reliable
 Extremely powerful
 Highly Secure
 Commands of Linux

 There are some commands in Linux which

give direct accessories to the files by using
terminal.
Some of them are:
ls- (List Command)
mv- (Move Command)
mkdir- (Make Directories)
rmdir- (Remove Directory)
locate- (Locate Directory) etc
 Merits and Demerits of Linux

It can be easily accessible to the old

computers .
It cannot be made for gaming purpose.
It is not easy to understand for those who are
new to Linux.
It is mostly used by the programmers.
It is used for both commercial and personal
but for
home purpose, for this Windows is mostly
preferred.
 Use of Linux in various
fields

Operating System for Game Designing

Routers /Transmitting
Android App Devices.
Development
It is used also used in the
department of Defense ,
Education.
It is also popular in the field of
Banking or Government Sector.
 WINDOWS NT/2000/XP

 Windows NT is a family of operating system produced by

Microsoft , the 1st version of which was released on July 27,
1993.
 It is a processor independent , multiprocessing and
multiuser operating system.
 Its latest release version is windows 10 , which is released
on Feb 11, 2020.
 The 1st version of windows NT was windows NT 3.1 and was
produced for workstations and server computers.
 It was intended to compliment consumer versions of
windows that were based on MS-DOS .
 Gradually the windows NT family was expanded into
Microsoft’s general purpose operating system product line
for all personal computers.
 What does NT stands for in windows
NT ?

Some argue that because of the new technology

options included with windows NT , the
abbreviation NT means NETWORKING
TECHNOLOGY.
The official meaning of NT according to Microsoft ,
is “New Technology”.
Windows NT was originally developed to be a
reliable and scalable operating system for
businesses.
Windows NT contains 2 versions– windows NT
workstations & windows NT server. They have a
different emphasis on functions.
 Conti…

It is a 32 bit preemptive multitasking operating system

for Intel microprocessors.

Key Goals For the system—

 Portability
 Security
 Multiprocessor support
 Extensibility
 International support
 Compatibility with MS-DOS and MS windows
applications
 POSIX compliance
 Programming Language

Windows NT is written in C and C++ , with a

very small amount written in assembly
language.
C is mostly used for the KERNAL code while
C++ is mostly used for user –mode code.
Assembly language is avoided where possible
because it would impede portability.
 What does XP means in windows XP?

Windows XP is an operating system

introduced in 2001 from Microsoft’s windows
family of operating systems.
The ‘XP’ IN windows XP stands for
experience.
Microsoft called the XP release its most
important product since 95.
Thank
You
 Why is windows XP so popular?

It is so popular because of the way it

improved upon its predecessor.
The operating system was the first Microsoft
offering to be aimed at both consumer and
business markets, ensuring that it combined
reliability with ease of use.