Operating
Systems: An
Introduction
An operating system (OS) acts as the fundamental
software that manages a computer's hardware and
software resources. It provides a platform for applications
to run and allows users to interact with the computer.
History and Evolution of
Operating Systems
1 Early Batch Systems
Early operating systems like IBM's OS/360 were batch
systems, processing jobs sequentially without user
interaction.
2 Multiprogramming and Time-Sharing
Multiprogramming allowed multiple programs to run
concurrently, while time-sharing introduced interactive user
interfaces.
3 Modern Operating Systems
Modern OSes like Windows, macOS, and Linux are highly
complex, providing graphical interfaces, multitasking, and
networking capabilities.
Key Components of an Operating System
Kernel Shell File System
The kernel is the core of The shell provides a The file system organizes
the OS, managing essential command-line interface for and manages files and
resources like memory, users to interact with the folders on storage devices,
CPU, and input/output kernel and execute providing a hierarchical
devices. commands. structure.
Types of Operating Systems
1 Desktop Operating Systems
Designed for personal computers, providing a graphical user
interface and applications for everyday tasks.
2 Mobile Operating Systems
Optimized for touchscreen devices, focusing on portability, touch
interaction, and mobile applications.
3 Server Operating Systems
Designed for powerful servers, providing stability, security, and
resource management for large-scale applications.
4 Embedded Operating Systems
Small and efficient, tailored for specific devices like routers, smart
appliances, and industrial equipment.
Difference between MacOS, Windows,
Linux, and Ubuntu
Operating System Developer Key Features
macOS Apple User-friendly interface,
seamless integration
with Apple devices,
emphasis on design and
aesthetics.
Windows Microsoft Wide compatibility,
large application
ecosystem, dominant
market share for
personal computers.
Linux Open-source community Highly customizable,
open-source
development model,
strong community
Ubuntu Canonical User-friendly
support. Linux
distribution, known for
its stability and ease of
use.
Process Management in Operating
Systems
Process Creation
The OS creates new processes, allocating resources and assigning a unique proc
Process Scheduling
The OS schedules processes to share CPU time, optimizing resource
utilization and performance.
Process Communication
The OS facilitates communication between processes, allowing them to
exchange data and synchronize activities.
Process Termination
The OS terminates processes when they finish or encounter errors,
releasing resources for other processes.
Memory Management in Operating
Systems
Virtual Memory
Virtual memory allows programs to use more memory than physically available by
swapping data between main memory and disk storage.
Paging
Paging divides memory into fixed-size pages, allowing efficient allocation and
management of memory space.
Memory Allocation
The OS manages memory allocation, assigning and releasing memory to processes,
preventing conflicts and ensuring optimal utilization.
Memory Protection
The OS protects memory access, preventing programs from interfering with each
other or corrupting critical system data.
File Management in Operating Systems
File Creation and Deletion
The OS allows users to create, delete, and rename files, managing their storage and access.
File Access Control
The OS enforces access control, restricting access to files based on user permissions and security
File Storage Management
The OS manages storage devices, allocating and releasing space for files and folders,
ensuring efficient disk utilization.
File Backup and Recovery
The OS provides mechanisms for backing up files and recovering them in case of data loss or syst
Conclusion and Future
Trends
Operating systems are essential for modern computing,
providing the foundation for applications and user
interaction. As technology advances, future trends
include cloud-based OSes, increased AI integration, and
advancements in security and privacy.
Presentation On
Operating Systems
1 2
Presented by
Daksh Goyal
Class XB, Roll No. 5
