Operating

System
Mehvish Sharif
XA
Roll no. 12
An Overview
- An operating system (OS) manages computer hardware and software resources.

- It provides a platform for running applications.

- The OS acts as an intermediary between user programs and the computer's

hardware.

- It handles tasks such as memory allocation, input/output operations, and process

scheduling.

- The OS manages system resources like CPU, memory, and storage devices.

- It facilitates communication between different software components.

- The OS also manages user interfaces, enabling users to interact with the computer
effectively.
Features of OS

→ Initiating and powering down a computer system

→ Offering a user interface for interaction

→ Orchestrating task execution and managing memory usage

→ Configuring hardware devices and setting up internet connectivity

→ Governing program operations and overseeing network management

→ Providing utility services for users

 History

Early Evolution Complex Systems Emerge Personal Computers Era

Early 1950s saw the emergence of In the early 1960s, OSs integrated
Adapted for personal computers in the
basic OS features for sequential runtime libraries, interrupts, and
1980s, OSs evolved to manage
execution. Alan Turing laid principles. parallel processing for efficiency in
smaller devices efficiently.
GM-NAA I/O and SHARE OS paved complex systems.
the way.
 Functions of OS

1 Providing a user interface is essential for user-computer interaction, whether

through GUIs or CLIs.

Managing hardware resources involves controlling allocation to different

2
applications and users.

3 Running applications and ensuring access to resources while maintaining

system stability is a core function of the OS.
 Advantages and disadvantages of OS

Advantages Disadvantages
✓ Resource Management: OS efficiently manages ✕ Complexity: Operating systems are complex software
hardware resources, ensuring optimal utilization. systems, requiring significant technical expertise to
maintain.
✓ User Interface: Provides a user-friendly interface, making
interaction easier for users. ✕ Resource Overhead: OS consumes system resources,
potentially reducing overall system performance.
✓ Multitasking: Allows multiple applications to run
simultaneously, enabling users to perform multiple tasks. ✕ Vulnerabilities: Complex OS codebases may contain
bugs that can be exploited by malicious actors.
✓ File Management: Facilitates organized storage and
retrieval of files, enhancing data management. ✕ Compatibility Issues: Incompatibility between
components can lead to system instability.
✓ Security: Implements security measures such as user
authentication and access control. ✕ Dependency: Many software applications rely on specific
OS features, limiting interoperability.
Types of OS
Distributed: Operates across multiple computers connected via a network, allowing them to work
together as a single system. It's like having a team of people in different locations collaborating on a
project, each contributing their resources.

Embedded: Designed to run on specialized hardware with specific functions, often found in devices
like smartphones, IoT devices, or industrial machinery. It's like the operating system built into a car's
dashboard, controlling various systems like navigation and entertainment.

Real-time: Focuses on executing tasks with precise timing requirements, guaranteeing a response within a specified
timeframe. Commonly used in applications like control systems, where immediate responses are critical. It's like an
automated assembly line where every action must occur at precise intervals to maintain efficiency.

Library: Provides a set of functions and procedures that application programs can use, often
supplementing the capabilities of the operating system. It's like a toolbox filled with specialized tools
that developers can use to build their software more efficiently.
Types of OS

Single-tasking: Can only Multi-tasking: Can run multiple Single-user: Designed for one
handle one task at a time, programs concurrently, dividing user at a time, common in
executing one program from processor time among them. It's personal computers where one
start to finish before moving to like a chef preparing multiple person interacts with the system.
the next. It's like a chef cooking dishes simultaneously, switching It's like having your own personal
one dish at a time in the kitchen. between tasks quickly to ensure workspace.
everything gets done.
 GUI
Short for Graphical User Interface, a GUI Operating System incorporates
graphical elements like icons and windows, typically interacted with via a
computer mouse.
 Examples of OS

Microsoft Windows Linux macOS

First released in 1985, Windows Developed without any Unix code, macOS is the successor to the
evolved from an operating Linux is available for study and original classic Mac OS, developed,
environment running on top of MS- modification, leading to its use on marketed, and sold by Apple Inc.
DOS to versions based on the various computing machinery. Known for its integration with
Windows NT kernel. Widely used While its desktop market share is Apple's line of Macintosh
on desktop and laptop platforms, relatively low, Linux is widely computers and its user-friendly
with approximately 75% market adopted in servers and embedded interface.
share as of 2022. systems like smartphones.
Microsoft
Windows OS
Linux OS
MacOS
Components
● The kernel serves as the core component, connecting application software to hardware
and managing memory access, CPU operation states, and storage organization.

● Program execution is facilitated by the operating system, which creates processes,

allocates memory and resources, and initiates program execution.

● Interrupts, both software and hardware, allow the operating system to promptly
respond to events, ensuring efficient communication with devices and handling of
errors.

● Additional crucial components include I/O management, memory management, virtual

memory, and support for various operation modes such as user mode and supervisor
mode.

● Together, these components enable the operating system to manage hardware

resources, execute programs, handle events, and provide a stable computing
environment.
 Real-time operating systems
Real-time operating systems (RTOS) are specialized operating systems
designed for applications with strict timing requirements, known as real-time
computing. These systems are used in various domains like embedded
systems, industrial control, and spacecraft, where meeting fixed deadlines is
crucial.

Examples of real-time operating systems include VxWorks, PikeOS, eCos,

QNX, MontaVista Linux, and RTLinux. They ensure timely response to
events and tasks, making them suitable for applications with time-sensitive
operations.

RTOSs are essential for embedded systems with fixed deadlines, ensuring
precise control and timely execution of tasks. Unlike general-purpose
operating systems like Palm OS, BSD, and Linux, RTOSs prioritize
deterministic behavior over flexibility and support for real-time computing.
Thanks!
Mehvish Sharif
XA
Roll No. 12
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