Object Detection
Models
Applications, Techniques, and Comparisons
Presented By: [Participant 1], [Participant 2],
[Participant 3]
Date: [Insert Date]
What is Object Detection?
• Definition:
• Object Detection is a computer vision task that detects objects in
images or videos and localizes them using bounding boxes.
• Tasks Involved:
• - Object Classification: Identifies what the object is.
• - Object Localization: Determines where the object is located.
• Visual Example: Annotated image with bounding boxes showing
pedestrians, cars, and traffic lights.
Importance of Object
Detection
• Why is Object Detection Important?
• - Automation: Enables machines to understand their
environment.
• - Real-Time Analysis: Useful in security, autonomous
vehicles, and robotics.
• - Improved Decision-Making: Helps in making smart
decisions based on real-world data.
• - Wide Applications: Healthcare, manufacturing, retail,
sports, and more.
Key Concepts & Terminology
• - Bounding Box: Marks the object’s position.
• - IoU (Intersection over Union): Accuracy metric for
overlapping predicted and ground-truth boxes.
• - Confidence Score: Probability that a bounding box contains
the correct object.
• - NMS (Non-Maximum Suppression): Eliminates overlapping
bounding boxes.
• - Anchor Boxes: Predefined sizes for detecting objects of
varying scales.
Object Detection Techniques
• Traditional Techniques:
• - Sliding Window: Scans the image at all positions.
• - HOG (Histogram of Oriented Gradients): Feature extraction for
object recognition.
• Modern Techniques:
• - Region-Based (R-CNN Family).
• - Single-Shot Detection (YOLO, SSD).
• - Transformer-Based (DETR).
Traditional Methods – Sliding
Window
• How It Works: A fixed window slides over the
image, and each region is classified.
• Limitations:
• - Computationally expensive.
• - Inflexible for objects of varying scales.
Traditional Methods – HOG +
SVM
• HOG: Extracts object features like edges and
gradients.
• SVM (Support Vector Machine): Classifies
regions as containing objects or not.
• Advantages: Effective for simple objects like
pedestrians.
• Limitations: Fails for complex images.
Deep Learning for Object
Detection
• Why Deep Learning?
• - Automatically learns features.
• - Handles complex, large-scale detection.
• Two Main Approaches:
• - Region-Based: R-CNN Family.
• - Single-Shot: YOLO, SSD.
R-CNN Family (Region-Based)
• - R-CNN: Selective Search + CNN for region
classification.
• Slow and computationally expensive.
• - Fast R-CNN: Computes features once for the entire
image.
• - Faster R-CNN: Adds Region Proposal Network (RPN) for
efficiency.
YOLO (You Only Look Once)
• - Single-Pass Detection: Splits the image into a
grid and predicts bounding boxes and classes.
• Advantages: Fast and efficient for real-time
applications.
• Limitations: Struggles with small objects.
SSD (Single Shot MultiBox
Detector)
• - Multi-Scale Detection: Detects objects at
different scales.
• Advantages: Faster and simpler than R-CNN.
• Use Cases: Mobile devices and real-time
applications.
DETR (Transformer-Based
Detection)
• - What is DETR?
• Uses transformers for direct prediction.
• Simplifies the detection pipeline.
• Advantages:
• - No need for anchor boxes.
• - Accurate for complex objects.
Applications of Object
Detection - Autonomous
Vehicles
• Detects pedestrians, cars, and traffic signals.
• Ensures safe navigation through real-time
object detection.
Applications of Object
Detection - Healthcare
• Detects anomalies in X-rays and scans.
• Helps in early diagnosis and treatment of
medical conditions.
Applications of Object
Detection - Retail
• Automates product tracking and inventory
management.
• Enhances shopping experience through smart
systems.
Applications of Object
Detection - Security &
Surveillance
• Enables face detection and intrusion alerts.
• Ensures enhanced safety and threat detection.
Comparison of Models
• Model Speed (FPS) Accuracy
Complexity
• R-CNN Low High High
• YOLO Very High Medium Low
• SSD High Medium Medium
• DETR Medium High High
• Visual: Speed vs Accuracy chart.
Challenges and Future Trends
• Challenges:
• - Real-time processing.
• - Small object detection.
• Future Trends:
• - Lightweight models for edge devices.
• - Multi-modal detection.
• - Improved real-time performance.
• - 3D Object Detection.
Tools and Frameworks for
Object Detection
• Deep Learning Frameworks:
• - TensorFlow
• - PyTorch
• - Keras
• Object Detection Libraries:
• - OpenCV
• - Detectron2
• - MMDetection
• Pre-Trained Models:
• - YOLOv3/v4/v5
• - SSD and Faster R-CNN.
Object Detection Workflow
• 1. Data Collection:
• - Collect annotated images/videos (COCO, Pascal VOC).
• 2. Data Preprocessing:
• - Resize images, normalize pixel values.
• 3. Model Training:
• - Use pre-trained models or train from scratch.
• 4. Model Evaluation:
• - Metrics: IoU, mAP (mean Average Precision).
• 5. Deployment:
• - Deploy on edge devices, cloud, or integrated systems.
Future Trends in Object
Detection
• - Transformer-Based Models: DETR and variants will
simplify architectures.
• - Edge AI and Lightweight Models: Models optimized for
mobile and edge devices.
• - Multi-Modal Inputs: Combining vision, text, and audio
for better detection.
• - Real-Time Enhancements: Faster, low-latency models.
• - 3D Object Detection: Using LIDAR and stereo cameras
for 3D spatial awareness.
Conclusion – Recap Key
Points
• Object detection identifies and localizes objects in images/videos.
• Techniques:
• - Traditional Methods: Sliding Window, HOG + SVM.
• - Deep Learning Methods: R-CNN Family, YOLO, SSD, DETR.
• Popular Models:
• - Faster R-CNN for accuracy.
• - YOLO for real-time performance.
• - DETR for transformer-based detection.
• Applications:
• - Autonomous vehicles, healthcare, surveillance, retail, and more.
Closing Remarks &
Acknowledgments
• Closing Points:
• - Object detection bridges the gap between machines and the real world.
• - Innovations like YOLO and DETR continue to drive progress.
• Acknowledgments:
• - Thank participants, organizers, and team members.
• Final Thought:
• "Object detection enables automation and innovation across industries."
