PIC
Microcontrollers
Introduction to PIC Microcontrollers
PIC- Peripheral Interface Controller
PIC microcontrollers are powerful, flexible, and cost-
effective embedded solutions used in a wide range of
electronic devices. From simple sensors to complex
industrial systems, PIC chips deliver reliable
performance and customizable functionality to meet
the demands of modern embedded applications.
Diagram
Components
Data Bus Buffer (D7-D0)*:
- This block is responsible for transferring data between the
8259 PIC and the system data bus. It ensures communication
between the CPU and the PIC using an 8-bit bus (D7-D0).
2. *Read/Write Logic (RD, WR, A0, CS)*:
- These signals are used to control the read and write
operations.
- *RD*: Read signal, which tells the PIC to send data to the
CPU.
- *WR*: Write signal, which tells the PIC to accept data from
the CPU.
- *A0*: Used to select different registers inside the PIC.
- *CS*: Chip Select, which enables the PIC when active.
3. *Cascade Buffer Comparator (CAS0, CAS1, CAS2)*:
- This unit allows the 8259 to be cascaded with other
8259 controllers, enabling more than 8 interrupt
requests to be handled (in larger systems). The
cascading provides expansion for more devices.
4. *Control Logic*:
- This handles the overall control of the 8259
operations, including managing the interrupt sequence,
generating the *Interrupt Acknowledge (INTA)* signal,
and interfacing with the CPU for priority resolution.
5. *Interrupt Request Register (IRR)*:
- This register stores the interrupt requests (IR0 to
IR7) coming from the devices connected to the PIC. It
indicates which interrupts have been received.
6. *Interrupt Mask Register (IMR)*:
- This register is used to mask (disable) certain
interrupts. A bit set to '1' in the IMR will block the
corresponding interrupt from being processed. It allows
selective enabling/disabling of interrupts.
7. *Priority Resolver*:
- This block determines the priority of active
interrupts in the *IRR*. It decides which interrupt
should be serviced first based on a predefined priority
order.
8. *Interrupt Service Register (ISR)*:
- Once an interrupt is being serviced, the
corresponding bit is set in the ISR. This indicates that
the interrupt is currently being processed by the CPU.
Once the interrupt is finished, the bit is cleared.
PROCESS FLOW
1. *Interrupt Request (INT)*:
- When a device generates an interrupt, it sends a
signal to one of the *IR0-IR7* lines. This sets a bit in
the *IRR* to indicate an interrupt request.
2. *Priority Resolution*:
- The *Priority Resolver* determines the priority of
the pending interrupts in the *IRR*. The highest-
priority interrupt is selected for service.
3. *Interrupt Masking*:
- Before processing, the PIC checks the *IMR* to see
if the selected interrupt is masked. If it is masked, the
interrupt is ignored. If it is not masked, the process
continues.
4. *Interrupt Acknowledge (INTA)*:
- Once an interrupt is selected, the PIC sends an
*INTA* signal to the CPU, indicating that an interrupt
needs to be serviced. The CPU acknowledges this and
starts the interrupt handling process.
5. *Interrupt Service*:
- The corresponding bit for the interrupt being
serviced is set in the *ISR*. This ensures that no other
interrupt of the same type is processed until the
current one is completed.
6. *End of Interrupt (EOI)*:
- Once the CPU finishes servicing the interrupt, it
sends an *End of Interrupt (EOI)* signal to the PIC. This
clears the corresponding bit in the *ISR*, allowing new
interrupts to be processed.
Diverse
Applications of
PIC
Microcontrollers
Industrial Automation
PIC chips power precision motion control, From
programmable logic controllers, and advanced fitnes
sensors in modern industrial equipment. reliab
Consumer Electronics
PIC
From smart home appliances to wearable
anced co
fitness trackers, PIC microcontrollers deliver
ad
reliable and customizable functionality.
Automotive Systems
PIC chips are integral components in engine
control units, infotainment systems, and PIC mic
er monitor
advanced driver assistance features.
portabl
ngine
Medical Devices
d PIC microcontrollers enable sophisticated patient
monitoring equipment, drug delivery systems, and
portable diagnostics.
Thank
you
