MAULI IT SOLUTION 9404339085

Course Details
Course Title : Database Management System
Semester : Third
Course Code : 313302
FA-TH : 30 (CT1+CT2)
SA-TH : 70 (Theory Exam)
FA-PR : 50 (Lab Practical, Manual)
SA-PR : 25# (Practical Exam)
SLA : 25 (Microproject, Assignment, Other)
Total : 200

MAULI IT SOLUTION 9404339085

 Syllabus Details
Learning
Sr.no Chapter Name Marks
Hours
1 Introduction To Database System 12 06
2 Relational Data Model 12 08

3 Interactive SQL and Performance Tuning 18 12

4 PL/SQL Programming 18 12

5 Database Administration 10 07

Total 70 45

MAULI IT SOLUTION 9404339085

 RATIONALE
 This course focuses on fundamentals of relational database
management system and enables students to design and manage
database for various software applications.

 It also provides students with theoretical knowledge and practical

skills in the use of databases and database management systems in
Information Technology applications.

MAULI IT SOLUTION 9404339085

 INDUSTRY / EMPLOYER EXPECTED OUTCOME

 To design database and use any RDBMS package as a backend for

developing database applications

MAULI IT SOLUTION 9404339085

 CO’s
 COURSE LEVEL LEARNING OUTCOMES (COs)-

Students will be able to achieve & demonstrate the following COs on

completion of course based learning
CO1 - Explain concept of database management system.
CO2 - Design the database for given problem.
CO3 - Manage database using SQL.
CO4 - Implement PL/SQL codes for given application.
CO5 - Apply security and backup methods on database.

MAULI IT SOLUTION 9404339085

 Course Introduction
 Each and every organization like shopping mall, hospital, banking,
institutes, industry needs to share huge amount of data in effective
manner.

 This course aims to develop skills in students to create, store, modify,

manage and extract information from a database.

 Database system can be used as a backend for developing database

applications.

MAULI IT SOLUTION 9404339085

What is Database Management System (DBMS)
A Database Management System (DBMS) is software
designed to store, retrieve, define, and manage data in a
database.

DBMS software primarily functions as an interface between

the end user and the database, simultaneously managing the
data, the database engine, and the database schema in order
to facilitate the organization and manipulation of data.

MAULI IT SOLUTION 9404339085

 How it Works...

Software D
application
based on B
Business
Logic M
S
User
User Communicate to DBMS
Different program to Database
interface for efficient and
insert , delete , update
faster way to fulfilling her
and query database for
requirement's
information.

MAULI IT SOLUTION 9404339085

 Tools Required:-

• MySQL
• Oracal

MAULI IT SOLUTION 9404339085

 Unit - I
Introduction To Database System

MAULI IT SOLUTION 9404339085

 1.1 Database concepts:-
• Data
• Database
• Database management system
• File system Vs DBMS
• Applications of DBMS
• Data Abstraction
• Data Independence
• Database Schema
• The Codd’s rules
• Overall structure of DBMS
MAULI IT SOLUTION 9404339085
 Concept of Data , Database , DBMS
 Data is the information which has been translated into a form that is
more convenient to process or move.

 Database- The collection of related data is termed as Database which

is organized in such a way that it can be easily retrieved and managed.

 A Database Management System (DBMS) is System software which

manages the data. It can perform various tasks like creation , retrieval,
insertion, modification and deletion of data to manage it in a
systematic way as per requirement.

MAULI IT SOLUTION 9404339085

 Purpose of Database System

 A major purpose of a database system is to

provide users with an abstract view of the data.
That is, the system hides certain details of how
the data are stored and maintained.

MAULI IT SOLUTION 9404339085

 File Processing System

 File Processing System is a Computer based

system in which all the information is stored in
various computer files.

 It is useful but as the requirement of data

processing and the size of data increases ,the
drawback of systems comes.

MAULI IT SOLUTION 9404339085

Disadvantages of Traditional File Processing System
1.Data Redundancy 7. Problem of Security
2. Data Inconsistency 8. Concurrency Problems
3. Limited Data Sharing 9. Atomicity Problem
4. Difficulty in Accessing Data 10. Data isolation
5. Data Dependence 11. Integrity Problems
6. Poor Data Control 12. Poor Data Modelling of Real
World

MAULI IT SOLUTION 9404339085

 Advantages of DBMS over File Processing System
1.Controlling Data Redundancy
2. Data Consistency
3. Sharing of Data
4. Data Independence
5. Data Control
6. Security
7. Control over Concurrency
8. Data Modelling of Real World

MAULI IT SOLUTION 9404339085

 Disadvantages of DBMS

1.Incresed costs
2.Complexity
3.Size
4.Frequent upgrade/replacement cycle
5. Higher impact of a failure
6. Performance

MAULI IT SOLUTION 9404339085

 Application of DBMS
1.Telecom
2. Banking
3. Industry
4. E-Commerce
5. Airlines
6. Education Systems
7. Railway Reservation System
8. Library Management System
9. Social Media Sites
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MAULI IT SOLUTION 9404339085
 Three Level Architecture of Database System
 A data base system is collection of related data and
system software which manages the data.

 The data is generally stored in a detailed and complex

manner.

 It is important to provide an abstract view of data to

the user.

MAULI IT SOLUTION 9404339085

 Data Abstraction
 Extracting the important data by ignoring the
remaining irrelevant details is known as abstraction.

 This process of hiding irrelevant details from user is

called data abstraction.

 The complexity of database can be hiding from user by

using different level of abstraction.

MAULI IT SOLUTION 9404339085

 Different Levels of Data Abstraction

MAULI IT SOLUTION 9404339085

 Different Levels of Data Abstraction cont.

1. Physical Level –This is the lowest level in the three level architecture. The physical
level describes how data is actually stored in the database. In the lowest level, this
data is stored in the external hard drives like hard disk, magnetic tapes etc.

2. Logical Level- This is the next higher level of abstraction which is used to describe
what data the database stores, and what relationships exist in between the data
items. Database administrators use the logical level of abstraction to decide what
information to keep in a database.

3. View Level- It is the highest level of data abstraction. This level describes the user
interaction with database system. End user interacts with system with the help of
GUI and enters the details at the screen at view level. User is not aware of how the
data is stored and what data is stored; such details are hidden from them.

MAULI IT SOLUTION 9404339085

 Instance and Schema

 Instance-The data is stored in the database at particular moment is

called as instance of the database.

 Schema- The design of a database is called the schema.

Types of
Schema

Physical Logical View

Schema Schema Schema
MAULI IT SOLUTION 9404339085
 Data Independence

Data Independence -The ability to modify schema definition in one

level without affecting schema definition in the next higher level is called
data independence.
Types of Data
Independence

Physical Data Logical Data

Independence Independence

MAULI IT SOLUTION 9404339085

 E.F. Codd’s Rules for RDBMS
Rule 0:Foundation Rule Rule 7:High-level Insert , Update and
Delete Rule
Rule 1:Information Representation
Rule 2:Systematic treatment of null Rule 8:Physical data independence
values
Rule 9:Logical data independence
Rule 3:The guaranteed access Rule
Rule 4:Active online catalog Rule 10:Integrity independence
Rule 5:The comprehensive data sub
Rule 11:Distribution independence
language Rule
Rule 6:View updating Rule Rule 12:The non-subversion rule

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER
 E.F. Codd’s Rules for RDBMS
Rule 0:Foundation Rule
-System must be capable to manage their database system through their relational capabilities.

Rule 1:Information Representation

-Stored in standard format of tables.

Rule 2:Systematic treatment of null values

-The DBMS must allow each field to remain null, which represents missing or undefined data.

Rule 3:The guaranteed access Rule

Each data value in the database is guaranteed to be accessible by specifying a table name, primary key, and column name.

Rule 4:Active online catalog

The database's structure (metadata) must itself be stored in a relational format in data dictionary, accessible using SQL.

Rule 5:The comprehensive data sub language Rule

Should not be directly accessible.
The DBMS must support a language that enables users to define, manipulate, query, and control all data structures.

Rule 6:View updating Rule

Views (virtual tables) that are theoretically updatable must also be updatable by the system.

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER
 E.F. Codd’s Rules for RDBMS
Rule 7:High-level Insert , Update and Delete Rule
The system must support set-level operations, allowing for the insertion, modification, and deletion of multiple records
with a single command.

Rule 8:Physical data independence

Changes to the physical storage structures should not require changes to the application's view of the data.

Rule 9:Logical data independence

Changes to the logical structure (table definitions, etc.) should not require changes to the application programs.

Rule 10:Integrity independence

Integrity constraints (such as foreign keys) should be definable in the data sublanguage and stored in the catalog, not in
application code.

Rule 11:Distribution independence

he distribution of data across multiple locations should be transparent to users.

Rule 12:The non-subversion rule

If the system allows low-level access to the data storage, such access cannot be used to bypass security or integrity
constraints.

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER
 Structure of DBMS

MAULI IT SOLUTION 9404339085

 Types of SQL Commands

MAULI IT SOLUTION 9404339085

 Structure of DBMS

MAULI IT SOLUTION 9404339085

 Structure of DBMS
1. DDL Compiler: It converts the DDL commands into set of table containing metadata
stored in data dictionary.

2. DML Compiler: It receives the DML commands from application program and
converts DML commands into object code for understanding of database.

3. Query Optimizer: It optimized the object code to execute query in best way and then
send to store data manager.

4. Storage Data Manager: It is a program module which is responsible for storing,

retrieving and updating data in the database. It receives the request from query
optimizer to machine understandable form.it makes the actual request inside the
database.

MAULI IT SOLUTION 9404339085

 Structure of DBMS

1. Data Files: It stores the database itself.

2. Compiled DML: The DML Compiler converts the high level Queries into low level file
access commands known as Compiled DML.

3. Data Dictionary: It stores metadata, i.e. file, storage , attributes , access path , etc.

MAULI IT SOLUTION 9404339085

1.2 Architecture:- Two tier and
Three tier architecture of
database.

MAULI IT SOLUTION 9404339085

 1.2 Architecture:- Two tier and Three tier architecture of database.

What is Database Architecture?

DBMS architecture helps in design, development, implementation,

and maintenance of a database.

A database stores critical information for a business.

Selecting the correct Database Architecture helps in quick and

secure access to this data.

1 tier Architecture
2 tier Architecture
3 tier Architecture

MAULI IT SOLUTION 9404339085

 1 tier Architecture

The simplest of Database Architecture are 1 tier

where the Client, Server, and Database all reside
on the same machine.

Anytime you install a DB in your system and

access it to practise SQL queries it is 1 tier
architecture.

But such architecture is rarely used in production.

MAULI IT SOLUTION 9404339085

MAULI IT SOLUTION 9404339085
 2 tier Architecture
A two-tier architecture is a database architecture
where
1. Presentation layer runs on a client (PC, Mobile,
Tablet, etc)
2. Data is stored on a Server.

An application interface which is called ODBC (Open

Database Connectivity) an API which allows the
client-side program to call the DBMS.

Today most of the DBMS offers ODBC drivers

for their DBMS.

2 tier architecture provides added security to the

DBMS as it is not exposed to the end user directly.

Example -MS- Access. Standalone Applications

Library Management Systems
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MAULI IT SOLUTION 9404339085
 3 tier Architecture

MAULI IT SOLUTION 9404339085

MAULI IT SOLUTION 9404339085
 3 tier Architecture
3-tier schema is an extension of the 2-tier architecture. 3-tier architecture has following layers
1. Presentation layer (your PC, Tablet, Mobile, etc.)
2. Application layer (server)
3. Database Server

This DBMS architecture contains an Application layer between the user and the DBMS, which is responsible for
communicating the user's request to the DBMS system and send the response
from the DBMS to the user.

The application layer(business logic layer) also processes functional logic, constraint, and rules
before passing data to the user or down to the DBMS.

Three tier architecture is the most popular DBMS architecture.

The goal of Three-teir architecture is:

To separate the user applications and physical database
Proposed to support DBMS characteristics
Program-data independence
Support of multiple views of the data

Example of Three-teir Architecture

E-commerce Websites
Online Banking Systems
Learning Management Systems (LMS)
MAULI IT SOLUTION 9404339085
 1.3 Data Models:-
Hierarchical, Networking,
Relational
Data Models

MAULI IT SOLUTION 9404339085

 Data Models
 The process of analysis of data object and their relationships to other data objects is
known as data modeling.

 It is the conceptual representation of data in database.

 It is the first step in database designing.

 Data models define how data is connected to each other and how they are
processed and stored inside the system.

 A data model provides a way to describe the design of a database at the physical,
logical and view levels.

MAULI IT SOLUTION 9404339085

 Types of Data Models

Data Models

Network Object Entity

Relational Hierarchical Physical Data
Database Oriented Data Relationship
Model Model Model
Model Model Model

MAULI IT SOLUTION 9404339085

 1.Relational Model
1.Record Based Logical Model/Relational Model-
 Developed by E.F.Codd.

 Tables are used and also known as relations.

 Record are known as tuples and fields are known as attributes.

Key
 Every record must have a unique identification or key.
Stud_ID Stud_Name DOB
 Advantages- Tuple 101 Prajakta 03/03/1995
1. Support SQL 102 Rakesh 13/01/1996
2. Flexible 103 Rahul 16/08/1995
MAULI IT SOLUTION 9404339085
 2.Hierarchical Model
2. Hierarchical Model A
 Organized into a tree structure.
B C
 Parent-child relationship.
D E F
 Data is stored in the form of Record.
 Record is collection of fields and it contains only one value.
 One parent can have many child nodes but one child node can have only one
parent node.
 Advantages-
1. Simple to Understand.
2. Database Integrity 3.Efficient

MAULI IT SOLUTION 9404339085

 3.Network Database Model
3.Network Database Model
 Extended type of Hierarchical data Model but any child can have multiple parent.
 No need of Parent-child relationship.
 Allows multiple Records linked in same file.
 Advantages-
1. Design is Simple.
2. Capability to handle various relationship.
3. Easy to access.

MAULI IT SOLUTION 9404339085

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