Unit V
APPLICAION LAYER
DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM:
• Domain Name System (DNS) is a hostname for IP
address translation service.
• It is an application layer protocol for message exchange
between clients and servers.
• It is required for the functioning of the Internet.
• What is the Need of DNS?
• Every host is identified by the IP address but
remembering numbers is very difficult for people, also
the IP addresses are not static therefore a mapping is
required to change the domain name to the IP address.
• So DNS is used to convert the domain name of the
websites to their numerical IP address.
DNS NAME SPACE
• The domain name space is divided into three different
sections: generic domains, country domains, and
inverse domain.
•
Generic Domains
Generic Domains
abel Description
aero Airlines and aerospace companies
biz Businesses or firms
com Commercial Organizations
coop Cooperative business Organizations
edu Educational institutions
gov Government institutions
info Information service providers
int International Organizations
mil Military groups
museum Museum & other nonprofit organizations
name Personal names
net Network Support centers
org Nonprofit Organizations
pro Professional individual Organizations
• The working of DNS starts with converting a hostname into an IP Address.
• A domain name serves as a distinctive identification for a website. It is used
in place of an IP address to make it simpler for consumers to visit websites.
• Domain Name System works by executing the database whose work is to
store the name of hosts which are available on the Internet.
• The top-level domain server stores address information for top-level
domains such as .com and .net, .org, and so on.
• If the Client sends the request, then the DNS resolver sends a request to
DNS Server to fetch the IP Address.
• In case, when it does not contain that particular IP Address with a
hostname, it forwards the request to another DNS Server.
• When IP Address has arrived at the resolver, it completes the request over
Internet Protocol.
ELECTRONIC MAIL:
• Electronic mail, or more commonly email, has been around for over
three decades.
• Faster and cheaper than paper mail, email has been a popular
application since the early days of the Internet.
Architecture and Services
• The architecture of the email system is shown in Fig. 7-7.
• It consists of two kinds of subsystems: the user agents, which allow
people to read and send email, and the message transfer agents,
which move the messages from the source to the destination.
• We will also refer to message transfer agents informally as mail
servers.
• The user agent is a program that provides a graphical interface, or
sometimes a text- and command-based interface that lets users
interact with the email system.
• It includes a means to compose messages and replies to messages,
display incoming messages, and organize messages by filing,
searching, and discarding them.
• The act of sending new messages into the mail system for delivery is
called mail submission.
• The message transfer agents are typically system processes.
• They run in the background on mail server machines and are intended
to be always available.
• Their job is to automatically move email through the system from the
originator to the recipient with SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol).
THE WORLD WIDE WEB
• A picture of a page is shown on the top-left side of Fig. 7-18.
• It is the page for the Computer Science & Engineering department at
the University of Washington.
• This page shows text and graphical elements.
• Some parts of the page are associated with links to other pages.
• A piece of text, icon, image, and so on associated with another page is
called a hyperlink.
• To follow a link, the user places the mouse cursor on the linked portion
of the page area (which causes the cursor to change shape) and clicks
• The browser is displaying a Web page on the client machine.
• Each page is fetched by sending a request to one or more servers,
which respond with the contents of the page.
• The request-response protocol for fetching pages is a simple text-
based protocol. It is called HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol).
HTTP(Hyper Text Transfer Protocol)
• HTTP, or Hypertext Transfer Protocol, is the foundational protocol used for transmitting data across the
World Wide Web.
• It defines how messages are formatted and transmitted, and how web servers and browsers should respond
to various commands.
• How HTTP Works:
How HTTP Works:
• 1. Request:
• - A client sends an HTTP request to the server. This request includes a method (e.g., GET or POST), a URL,
headers, and sometimes a body.
• 2. Processing:
• - The server processes the request. It looks at the URL to determine what resource is being requested and
uses the method to decide what action to perform.
• 3. Response:
• - The server sends back an HTTP response. This includes a status code, headers, and often a body
containing the requested resource or information about the outcome of the request.
STREAMING AUDIO AND VIDEO
• Streaming audio and video refer to the real-time transmission of multimedia content over the internet.
• This technology allows users to listen to music, watch movies, or view other types of media without the need
to download the entire file beforehand.
• Here are some key points about streaming audio and video:
1. Real-time delivery:
Streaming delivers content in real-time, allowing users to consume media as it is being transmitted
over the internet.
This is in contrast to downloading, where the entire file must be obtained before playback can begin.
2. Adaptive streaming:
Many streaming services use adaptive streaming techniques to adjust the quality of the
content based on factors like available bandwidth and device capabilities. This ensures smooth playback
and minimizes buffering interruptions.
3. Different streaming protocols:
There are various streaming protocols used to deliver audio and video content over the internet,
including HTTP Live Streaming (HLS), Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (DASH), Real-Time Messaging
Protocol (RTMP).
4. Popular streaming platforms:
Numerous streaming platforms have gained popularity for delivering audio and video content to
users. These include Netflix, Spotify, YouTube, Twitch, Amazon Prime Video, Hulu, and many others.
5. Live streaming:
In addition to on-demand streaming, live streaming allows users to watch events, concerts, sports
matches, and other live performances in real-time over the internet.
6. Subscription-based and ad-supported models:
Streaming services often operate on subscription-based models, where users pay a monthly fee for
access to a library of content. Some platforms also offer ad-supported tiers where users can access
content for free, with advertisements interspersed throughout.
7. Digital rights management (DRM):
To protect copyrighted content from unauthorized distribution, streaming services employ DRM
technologies to encrypt and secure media files, ensuring that only authorized users can access them.
streaming audio and video have revolutionized the way people consume media, providing convenient access to
a vast array of content anytime, anywhere, and on any device with an internet connection.
