CMP 421: Data Communication/Networks

• Introduction to Concepts, Technologies, and

Design Considerations
• Presenter: [Umar Ahmed Sani]
• Date: [12/12/2024]
 Course Overview
• Course Description:
• - Introduction to communication waves and channel
characteristics
• - Transmission media, noise, and signal modulation
• - Multiplexing techniques: TDM, FDM, and CDM ( they
ensure efficient use of communication channel.)
• - Transmission types and network structures
• - Data switching principles and broadcast techniques
• - Design considerations for modern networks
• - Credit Units: 3
 Learning Objectives
• By the end of this course, students will:
• - Understand the principles of data
communication and network design.
• - Analyze communication channel
characteristics.
• - Explore transmission techniques and
modulation methods.
• - Learn network structures, switching protocols,
and design considerations.
 Introduction to Data Communication
• - Definition:
• Data communication refers to the transfer of data
between devices using transmission media.
• - Key Components:
• - Sender
• - Receiver
• - Transmission medium
• - Protocols
• message
 Introduction to Waves
• - Types of Waves:
• - Analog: Continuous signals (e.g., sound waves)
• - Digital: Discrete signals (e.g., binary data)
• - Characteristics:
• - Frequency: Number of cycles per second (Hz)
• - Amplitude: Signal strength
• - Phase: Position of the wave relative to time 0
 Fourier Analysis
• - Concept:
• Fourier analysis breaks complex signals into
simpler sinusoidal components.
• - Applications:
• - Signal processing
• - Understanding bandwidth requirements
• - Noise reduction
Communication Channel Characteristics
• - Bandwidth: Maximum data transfer rate.
• - Throughput: Actual data transfer rate.
• - Latency: Delay in data transmission.
• - Jitter: Variability in packet arrival time.
• - Error Rate: Frequency of data corruption.
 Transmission Media
• - Types of Media:
• - Guided: Cables (e.g., twisted pair, coaxial, fiber
optic)
• - Unguided: Wireless (e.g., radio waves,
microwaves, infrared)
• - Factors:
• - Bandwidth
• - Distance
• - Cost
 Noise and Distortion
• - Noise: Unwanted signals that interfere with data
transmission.
• - Types of Noise:
• - Thermal Noise
• - Intermodulation Noise
• - Crosstalk
• - Impulse Noise
• - Distortion: Alteration of signal form during
transmission.
 Modulation and Demodulation
• - Modulation: Encoding data onto carrier
waves for transmission.
• - Demodulation: Extracting data from carrier
waves at the receiver.
• - Types of Modulation:
• - Amplitude Modulation (AM)
• - Frequency Modulation (FM)
• - Phase Modulation (PM)
 Multiplexing Techniques
• - Definition: Combining multiple signals into one
medium.
• - Types:
• - Time Division Multiplexing (TDM): Allocates
time slots.
• - Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM):
Allocates frequency bands.
• - Code Division Multiplexing (CDM): Uses
unique codes.
 Parallel and Serial Transmission
• - Parallel Transmission:
• - Sends multiple bits simultaneously.
• - Faster but prone to signal degradation over
distance.
• - Serial Transmission:
• - Sends bits one after another.
• - Synchronous: Timed transmission.
• - Asynchronous: Unaligned timing.
 Bus Structures and Loop Systems
• - Bus Structures:
• - Single communication line shared by multiple
devices.
• - Loop Systems:
• - Devices connected in a ring or loop
configuration.
• - Applications:
• - LANs (Local Area Networks)
• - Industrial automation.
 Introduction to Computer Networks
• - Definition:
• Interconnected systems for sharing resources
and communication.
• - Types:
• - LAN (Local Area Network)
• - WAN (Wide Area Network)
• - MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
 Network Design Considerations
• - Scalability: Ability to handle growth.
• - Reliability: Ensuring consistent performance.
• - Security: Protecting data and resources.
• - Cost: Balancing performance and
affordability.
 Data Switching Principles
• - Definition: Forwarding data packets between
devices.
• - Techniques:
• - Circuit Switching: Dedicated path.
• - Packet Switching: Divides data into packets.
• - Message Switching: Stores and forwards
entire messages.
 Broadcast Techniques
• - Broadcast: Sending data to all network
devices.
• - Techniques:
• - Multicast: Targeted broadcasting.
• - Unicast: One-to-one communication.
• - Applications: Live streaming, software
updates.
 Packet Switching Protocols
• - Definition: Transmitting data in packets.
• - Examples:
• - TCP/IP: Foundation of the internet.
• - UDP: Fast, connectionless protocol.
• - MPLS: Optimizes data forwarding paths.
 Examples of Networks
• - ARPANET:
• - First operational packet-switching network.
• - Predecessor to the internet.
• - DSC:
• - Digital Signal Communication network.
• - Applications: Historical and modern network
designs.
 Conclusion
• - Data communication underpins modern
connectivity.
• - Key concepts include modulation,
multiplexing, and switching.
• - Networks require careful design for efficiency
and scalability.