Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

[Image of 2nd ed. cover added by L. Lilien.]

 Pervasive vs. Wireless & Mobile Systems
• Evolution
• Distributed Computing (DIST)
• Originally wireline only
• Wireless Computing
• Originally non-mobile wireless only
• Mobile Computing (MOBI)
• Really: Wireless & Mobile Computing
• Pervasive Computing (PERV)
• Note: Textbook uses “wireless” and “mobile” as synonyms
• Not precise: e.g., can have wireless but not mobile

• Q: Why to study Wireless & Mobile Computing?

A: It is foundation for PERV, its critical technology &
building block
• Some other technologies for Pervasive Computing:
• Embedded computing
• Sensornets
• Opportunistic networks (oppnets) and systems
• See Lecture Section 0.B

© 2007 by Leszek T. Lilien

1.1. The History of Mobile Radio Communication (1/3)
Emphasis (underlines) on this and next 2 slides added by LTL

 1880: Hertz – Initial demonstration of practical radio communication

 1897: Marconi – Radio transmission to a tugboat over an 18 mi path
 1921: Detroit Police Department: -- Police car radio dispatch (2 MHz
frequency band)
 1933: FCC (Federal Communications Commission) – Authorized four
channels in the 30 to 40 MHz range
 1938: FCC – Ruled for regular service
 1946: Bell Telephone Laboratories – 152 MHz (Simplex)
 1956: FCC – 450 MHz (Simplex)
 1959: Bell Telephone Laboratories – Suggested 32 MHz band for high
capacity mobile radio communication
 1964: FCC – 152 MHz (Full Duplex)
 1964: Bell Telephone Laboratories – Active research at 800 MHz
 1969: FCC – 450 MHz (Full Duplex)
 1974: FCC – 40 MHz bandwidth allocation in the 800 to 900 MHz range
 1981: FCC – Release of cellular land mobile phone service in the 40 MHz
bandwidth in the 800 to 900 MHz range for commercial operation
 The History of Mobile Radio Communication (2/3)
 1981: AT&T and RCC (Radio Common Carrier) reach an agreement to split
40 MHz spectrum into two 20 MHz bands. Band A belongs to nonwireline
operators (RCC), and Band B belongs to wireline operators (telephone
companies). Each market has two operators.
 1982: AT&T is divested, and seven RBOCs (Regional Bell Operating
Companies) are formed to manage the cellular operations
 1982: MFJ (Modified Final Judgment) is issued by the government DOJ
[LTL: Dept of Justice]. All the operators [LTL: RBOCs] were prohibited to (1)
operate long-distance business, (2) provide information services, and (3) do
manufacturing business
 1983: Ameritech system in operation in Chicago
 1984: Most RBOC markets in operation
 1986: FCC allocates 5 MHz in extended band
 1987: FCC makes lottery on the small MSA [LTL: Metropolitan Statistical
Area] and all RSA [LTL: Rural Service Area] licenses
 1988: TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) voted as a digital cellular
standard in North America
 1992: GSM (Groupe Speciale Mobile) operable in Germany D2 system
 The History of Mobile Radio Communication (3/3)
 1993: CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) voted as another digital
cellular standard in North America
 1994: American TDMA operable in Seattle, Washington
 1994: PDC (Personal Digital Cellular) operable in Tokyo, Japan
 1994: Two of six broadband PCS (Personal Communication Service) license
bands in auction
 1995: CDMA operable in Hong Kong
 1996: US Congress passes Telecommunication Reform Act Bill
 1996: The auction money for six broadband PCS licensed bands (120 MHz)
almost reaches 20 billion US dollars
 1997: Broadband CDMA considered as one of the third generation mobile
communication technologies for UMTS (Universal Mobile
Telecommu-nication Systems)
 During the UMTS workshop conference held in Korea
 1999: ITU (International Telecommunication Union) decides the next
generation mobile communication systems (e.g., W-CDMA, cdma2000, etc.)
 2001: W-CDMA commercial service beginning from October in Japan
 2002: FCC approves additional frequency band for Ultra-Wideband (UWB)
[LTL:]

RF = radio
frequency
 Applications
[LTL:] Wireless Telephone
Washington, DC

Cincinnati, OH

[LTL:] User moves but phone # unchanged

Maintaining the telephone number across geographical areas in a
wireless and mobile system
 Generations of Wireless Systems & Services
• 1G - First Generation
• Primarily for voice communication
• Using FDM (frequency division multiplexing)
• 2G - Second Generation
• Emphasis still on voice communication but allows for…
• … Data communication
• Using TDM (time division multiplexing)
• Indoor/outdoor and vehicular environment
• 3G - Third Generation
• Integrated voice, data, and multimedia communication
• Need for:
• High volume of traffic / Real time data communication
• Flexibility, incl.
• Frequent Internet access
• Multimedia data transfer
• Compatibility with 2G
• Using compression
• Without compromising quality

© 2007 by Leszek T. Lilien

First Generation Wireless Systems and Services
Emphasis (underlines) and text in square brackets on this and next slide added by LTL
Note: “Cellular systems” called “mobile systems” outside North America.

1970s Developments of radio and computer technologies for 800/900

MHz mobile communications [1st mobile band]
1976 WARC (World Administrative Radio Conference) allocates
spectrum for cellular radio

1979 NTT (Nippon Telephone & Telegraph) introduces the first

cellular system in Japan

1981 NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone) 900 system introduced by

Ericsson Radio System AB and deployed in Scandinavia

1984 AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone Service) [cellular] introduced

by AT&T in North America
Second Generation Wireless Systems and Services
1982 CEPT (Conference Europeenne des Post et Telecommunications)
established GSM [global special mobile] to define future Pan-
European Cellular Radio Standards
1990 Interim Standard IS-54 (USDC [US digital cellular]) adopted by TIA
(Telecommunications Industry Association)
1990 Interim Std IS-19B (NAMPS [narrowband AMPS]) adopted by TIA
1991 Japanese PDC (Personal Digital Cellular) system standardized by the
MPT (Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications)
1992 Phase I GSM system is operational
1993 Interim Standard IS-95 (CDMA) adopted by TIA
1994 Interim Standard IS-136 adopted by TIA
1995 PCS Licenses [added 2nd band (1900 MHz)] issued in North America
1996 Phase II GSM operational
1997 North American PCS deploys GSM, IS-54, IS-95
1999 IS-54: in North America
IS-95: in North America, Hong Kong, Israel, Japan, China, etc
GSM: in 110 countries
 Two Basic Technology Choices for 3G

• Basic technology in the U.S.

• cdma2000

• Basic technology in Europe & Japan

• W-CDMA

• Similar but design & implementation differences

© 2007 by Leszek T. Lilien

Third Generation Wireless Systems and Services (1/2)
 IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications-2000):
- Fulfill one's dream of anywhere, anytime communications a
reality.
 Key Features of IMT-2000 include:
- High degree of commonality of design worldwide;
- Compatibility of services within IMT-2000 and with the fixed
networks;
- High quality;
- Small terminal for worldwide use;
- Worldwide roaming capability;
- Capability for multimedia applications, and a wide range of
services and terminals.
Third Generation Wireless Systems and Services (2/2)

 Important Component of IMT-2000 is ability to provide high

bearer rate capabilities:
- 2 Mbps for fixed environment;
- 384 Kbps for indoor/outdoor and pedestrian
environments;
- 144 Kbps for vehicular environment.

 Standardization Work:
- Release 1999 specifications
- In processing

 Scheduled Service:
- Started in October 2001 in Japan (W-CDMA)
 Future: 4G

• 4G
• Expected to implement all standards from 2G & 3G
• Infrastructure only packet-based, all-IP
• Some of the standards paving the way for 4G:
• WiMax
• WiBro (Korean)
• 3GPP Long Term Evolution
• To improves the UMTS mobile phone standard
• Work-in-progress technologies
• E.g., HSOPA, a part of 3GPP Long Term Evolutionon

© 2007 by Leszek T. Lilien

 Subscriber Growth for Wireless Phones

3G Subscribers
Subscribers

2G Digital-only
Subscribers

1G Analog-only
Subscribers

9 90 991 992 993 994 995 996 997 998 999 000 001 002 003 004 005 006 007 008 009 010
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Year
 China Leads World in Mobile Phone Users

• Total [World] Mobile Users > 800 million [2003]

• Total [World] Analogue Users > 70 million [2003]

• ZDNet UK reports that the number of mobile phone users in

China reached 167 million in April, 2002, a rise of 6 million
subscribers on March, 2002.

• The US, which is the second biggest market, has 136 million
subscribers.

• Mobile phones are the preferred mode of communication in

Japan, with 56.8 million subscribers as of the end of March,
2003.
 Flexibility & Versatility of 3G
• Many diverse subsystems
• Different requirements for different needs
• Different characteristics
• Corresponding to the requirements
• Different coverage areas
• Cell = area that can be covered by a single transmitting station
(usually called base station)
• Picocells, microcells, macrocells & global “cell”
• Figure – next slide

• Why different cell sizes?

• Limited nr of channels per cell
• Smaller cells can serve more users
• E.g. 2x smaller => can serve 2x more users on the same band (with
smaller range)

© 2007 by Leszek T. Lilien

Coverage Aspect of Next Generation Mobile
Communication Systems

Satellite
In-Building

Urban
Suburban

Global

Picocell Microcell Macrocell Global

 Transmission Capacity
as a Function of Mobility

Global System for Mobile Communications

Vehicular
Universal Mobile Broadband radio
Telecommunica-
tions System
Mobility

Mobile Broadband System

Pedestrian
Local Multipoint Distribution System

Satellite Universal Mo-

bile Telecommunica-
Broadband Satellite Multimedia
tions System
Stationary

0.01 0.1 1 10 100

Data Rate (Mb/s)
Transmission capacity as a function of mobility in some radio access systems
 1.2. Characteristics of Cellular Systems
Wireless Technology & Associated Characteristics
[From 1st ed. slides – Slightly modified by LTL]

 Wireless Technologies
 Cellular

 WLAN (Wireless LAN)

 GPS

 Satellite Based PCS

 Campus network (e.g., Ricochet, Carnegie Mellon U.)

 Home Networking

 Ad Hoc Networks

 WPAN (Wireless PAN = [personal area network])

 Incl. Bluetooth

 Sensor Networks

 Different technologies needed for different applications

-- Details on the next slide –
[LTL: Yellow and red
highlights added]
(phone calls)

(CMU campus)

(also oppnets, IANs)

(WPAN = wireless personal

area network)
 Wireless Technologies for Application
Classes
[ Yellow and red highlights added]
LTL:

 Notice the following:

 Infrastructure-based networks vs. ad hoc networks

(p. 11/2)
 Terms & acronyms:

Access point – AP (p. 8/-1, 10/2)

Mobile station – MS (p. 11/2)

Handoff and switching radio resources (p. 11/3)
Application Example: Medical Application

ATM
ATMbackbone
backbone
network
network
Remote
databases
ATM switch
In hospital
physician ATM switch

Wireless remote
consultation

Ambulance

Possibility for remote consulting

(including audio visual communication)
 Wireless Features & Their Potential Apps

[LTL:]
 Notice the following (p. 11/-1):
 “Anytime anywhere” not always required

 Often “many time” or “many where” is adeqate


Permanent connectivity not necessary

MS can:
 Start transaction at AP1, then move away (loosing
connection to it)
 Get close to AP99 & complete transaction at AP99