AIRCRAFT DESIGN
Abhishek A
FUSELAGE
• Main structure, or body, of the aircraft
• Pilot & crew in the cockpit
• Passengers
• Cargo
• Controls
WINGS
WING PLANFORM GEOMETRY
WING PLANFORM GEOMETRY
• The planform of a wing is the shape of the wing seen on a plan view
of the aircraft.
• The wing span, b, is the distance between the extreme wingtips. The
distance from each tip of the wing to the centreline, is called wing
semi-span, s.
• The straight line connecting the leading and trailing edges at any
location along the span is called the chord line.
• The Root Chord, is the length of the chord measured at the root
portion of the wing.
• The tip chord, is the length of the chord measured at the tip of the
wing.
WING PLANFORM GEOMETRY
• The ratio of tip chord to root chord is called taper ratio, λ.
• λ= /; for most wings, λ < 1
• The aspect ratio is a measure of the narrowness of the wing
planform.
• AR = / S
• A long, narrow wing has a high aspect ratio
• A short, wide wing has a low aspect ratio.
AIRFOIL NOMENCLATURE
AIRFOIL NOMENCLATURE
• Chord line : Straight line between the leading edge and the trailing edge
• Mean camber line : Locus of points halfway between the upper and lower
surfaces when measured perpendicular to itself
• Camber : Maximum distance between the mean camber line and the chord
line
• Thickness : The distance between the upper and lower surfaces, measured
perpendicular to the chord line
• For subsonic aircrafts : t/c = 13 to 18%
• For supersonic aircrafts : t/c = 3%
ENGINE
• Propeller
• Turbojet
• Turboprop
• Turbofan
TURBOJET ENGINE
TURBOPROP ENGINE
TURBOFAN ENGINE
EMPENNAGE (TAIL UNIT)
• Horizontal & Vertical Stabilizers
• Horizontal Stabilizers
• Elevators Pitch
• Vertical Stabilizers
• Rudder Yaw
LANDING GEAR
LANDING GEAR
• Principle support of the airplane
• Located under the belly of the plane
• Structural members, hydraulics, energy absorption components,
brakes, wheels and tyres
• Structural members:
• Must be strong enough to support heavy take-off weight,
• High impact loads on landing
• High-strength steel, titanium alloy
AIRCRAFT CONTROL & MOVEMENT
STABILIZERS AND CONTROL
SURFACES
STABILIZERS AND CONTROL
SURFACES
STABILIZERS AND CONTROL
SURFACES
Primary Control Surfaces:
• Elevators
• Ailerons
• Rudder
Secondary Control Surfaces:
• Flaps
• Slats
• Spoilers
ELEVATORS
• Rear of the horizontal tail
• Both pairs of elevators are deflected in one direction to cause
pitching motion.
• If elevators are deflected downward, it causes the nose of aircraft to
go down.
• Upward movement of elevators cause the nose of the aircraft to go
up.
PITCHING MOTION
RUDDER
• Rear of the vertical tail
• Used to produce and control the yawing motion of the aircraft.
YAWING MOTION
AILERONS
• Rear side of the wing
• Ailerons are deflected so as to cause one wing tip to move up and the
other wing tip to move down.
ROLLING MOTION
FLAPS
FLAPS
• Trailing edge of the wing
• Reduces the stalling speed
• Also, used to reduce the take-off distance and landing distance
• Partially extended for take-off
• Fully extended for landing
• Lower stall speed
• Steeper and slower approach to the landing site
FLAPS
• Once the aircraft is on the ground
• Reduction in effectiveness of the brakes
• Wing is still generating lift
• Increasing the stopping distance
• The pilot will raise the flaps as soon as possible to prevent this
from occurring.
SLATS
SLATS
• Leading edge of the wing
• To generate lift during low speed operations (such as take-off, initial
climb, approach, and landing)
• Allows the wing to operate at a higher angle of attack
• Higher coefficient of lift is produced
• Retracted in normal flight to minimize drag.
SPOILERS
SPOILERS
• Top portion of the wing
• When deployed on both wings
• Slow down an aircraft, or
• Make an aircraft descend
• When deployed only on one wing
• Generate a rolling motion
WINGLETS
WINGLETS
• Reduces wingtip vortices
• Reduces the lift-induced drag
• Improving the lift
• Higher cruise speed
• Increases fuel efficiency in powered aircrafts
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
Abhishek A
FUSELAGE
TRUSS-TYPE FUSELAGE
• Steel or Al tubing
• Strength and rigidity is achieved by welding the tubing together into
a series of triangular shapes, called trusses.
• Types of Truss Structure:
• PRATT TRUSS
• WARREN TRUSS
PRATT TRUSS
WARREN TRUSS
Handley Page H.P.42 G-AAUD Hanno
MONOCOQUE DESIGN
Monocoque design relies on the strength of the stressed skin within the airframe
structure to share the loads, allowing for a much-reduced internal structure.
- True Monocoque
- Semi-Monocoque
TRUE MONOCOQUE
TRUE MONOCOQUE
• Formers, Bulkheads, Frame Assemblies
• Utilizes the stressed skin to support all loads
• Not tolerant to the deformation of the surface
• Formers and bulkheads provide shape to the fuselage
• No bracing members (like longerons and stringers)
• The skin must be strong enough to keep the fuselage rigid
• Most of the twisting and bending stresses are carried out by the
external skin
• The need for internal bracing was eliminated or reduced
• Saving weight and maximizing space
TRUE MONOCOQUE
Zeppelin D.I.
SEMI-MONOCOQUE
SEMI-MONOCOQUE
SEMI-MONOCOQUE
• Overcomes the strength-to-weight problem of the monocoque construction
• Fuselage Aluminium alloy (Steel and titanium, in high temp.
applications)
• Formers, Bulkheads, Frame Assemblies
• Longitudinal members Longerons, Stringers
• Longerons Support primary bending loads
Aluminium alloy
• Stringers Numerous and lighter in weight than longerons
• Aluminium alloy or formed aluminium
• Stringers and longerons together prevent tension and compression from
bending the fuselage.
WINGS
WINGS
• Aluminum is the most common material
• Magnesium alloy
• Carbon fiber or other composite materials
Wing construction is based on one of three fundamental designs:
• Monospar
• Multispar
• Box Configuration
WING SPAR
• Principal structural members of the wing
• They correspond to the longerons of the fuselage
• They run parallel to the lateral axis of the aircraft
• From the fuselage toward the tip of the wing
• Attached to the fuselage by wing fittings, plain beams, or a truss
• Metal, wood, or composite materials based on design criteria
WING SPAR
WING SPAR
WING SPAR
A. Solid
B. Box Shaped
C. Partly Hollow
D. I-Beam
E. Some material is removed to reduce weight, but retains
the strength of a rectangular spar
WING SPAR
WING RIB
• Ribs are the structural crosspieces that combine with spars and
stringers to make up the framework of the wing.
• Extend from the wing leading edge to the trailing edge of the wing
• Transmit the air load from the skin and stringers to the spars
• Wood, metal or composite
• Common types of wooden ribs
• Plywood web
• Lightened plywood web
• Truss type
WING RIB
WING RIB
A. Cross-section of a wing rib with a truss-type web
B. A truss web rib with a continuous gusset
C. Rib with a lighten plywood web
• The truss type is the most efficient
• It is strong and lightweight
• It is also the most complex to construct
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