Lecture 4

Steady state heat conduction with heat generation

Laxman Poudel, PhD

Pulchowk Campus

1
 Conduction with heat generation
Practical application
i. Resistance heating in current carrying conductor
ii. Fuel element of a nuclear reactor.
iii. Same exothermic chemical reactions
iv. Dying and setting of concrete
Combustion process growth distribution within the medium
Consider a plane wall with uniform heat generation within in the
entire volume

𝑇1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇2 are wall surface temperature

Let L be thickness of wall, k be the uniform thermal conductivity,

Heat flow calculated by assuming steady state one dimensional

and uniform heat generation
2
1. Plane wall with uniform heat generation

𝑑𝑇
Consider a small element at dx distance x from left hand face.
𝑄𝑥(ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑥)
= −𝑘𝐴
𝑑𝑥

𝑄𝑔(ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡

�𝑥+𝑑 (ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 ) 𝑑= �
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑥 𝑑 (𝑄
𝑥 𝐴 𝑑𝑥 𝑞
�
𝑔 𝑥
+ 𝑑𝑥) = 𝑄 )𝑑𝑥
� � �

𝑄𝑥 + 𝑄𝑔 = 𝑄𝑥+𝑑𝑥
From steady state conduction of heat flow,
+
𝑑
= 𝑄𝑥 +
𝑑𝑥 𝑑
(𝑄𝑜𝑟,
) 𝑄
𝑑𝑥 =
𝑥 𝑔
𝑑𝑥
(𝑄𝑥)𝑑𝑥

3
 𝑑
𝑜
𝑟, 𝐴 𝑑𝑥 𝑞𝑔 𝑑= 𝑑𝑇
2𝑇 (−𝑘𝐴
=) 𝑑𝑥
−𝑘𝐴 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑜𝑟, 𝑑 𝑇+
2
=
2

0 𝑞𝑔 2
𝑑𝑥
𝑘
By first and second integration
= �𝑥 (1)
𝑑 �𝑔
𝑇
𝑑 � 1
𝑥 −�𝑔 � 2+ 𝐶
𝑇 � x + 𝐶1𝑥
2
A. One=face𝑘 is+insulated
𝐶2
(2)

By boundary condition,
At x = 0, 𝑑𝑥 = 0C1=0
𝑑𝑇

At x=L, heat conduction equal to heat convection to environment

4
 −𝑘 |𝑑 | = ℎ𝐴(𝑇𝐿
𝑇
𝑑𝑥 𝑋=
−
ℎ 𝑇𝑎 )
|𝑇 | = −� (𝑇𝐿
𝑑 𝐿

− 𝑇𝑎(1)
)
(6)
𝑑𝑥
𝑋=𝐿
�
From equation
|𝑇 | = −𝑞𝑔
𝑑
�
𝐿𝑑𝑥
(7)
𝑋=𝐿
ℎ ��
�
From (6) and (7)

− (𝑇𝐿 )= � ��
−𝑇 −
� 𝑎
�𝑎 � 𝐿
𝑇𝐿 = 𝑇
�
��𝑔
ℎ
�
+
(8)
From equation (2)
𝑇� L
�𝑔 2
2 2
=� 𝑘 + 𝐶
� (9)
From equation (8) and (9)
5
 𝑇𝑎 𝐿= � L
�𝑔 �𝑔 2
ℎ 2 2
+ − � � 𝑘 +�𝐶
�

𝐶2 = 𝑇𝑎 � �𝐿 � �L
� 2
ℎ 2
+ �� +
� � 𝑘2
𝑇 = 𝑎𝑇 � 𝐿 (L − 2)
2� 2
+ x
ℎ 𝑘
� �

+ �� �� 2
Maximum temperature
𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑇𝑎 � �𝐿 +�
2ℎ
x=0,
+ 𝐿
B. Both surfaces are maintained2𝑘
�

at a same

𝑇 = 𝑇1 = 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 =
temperature

𝑇𝑤 0
By boundary condition,

𝑇 = 𝑇2 = 𝑎𝑡 𝑥
𝑇𝑤 =𝐿
And
Tw=wall surface temperature
6
 𝑞
𝐶2 = 𝑇𝑤 ; 𝐶1 =
𝑔
𝐿
Substituting 𝐶1 and 𝐶2in equation
2𝑘 𝑞
1, we
𝑇 = 𝑞𝑔 𝑥 + 𝐿𝑥 + �
𝑔 2
2𝑘
have
− �𝑔 𝑇
= � (𝐿2𝑘− 𝑥 𝑥
�
�
)
2
𝑘 + 𝑇 (3) �
Maximum temperature within the wall obtained by differentiating

𝑑𝑇 𝑞𝑔
the equation w.r.t.x and equating the derivative to zero.
= (𝐿
𝑑𝑥− 2𝑥)
2𝑘
𝑞𝑔 ≠
2
0
Therefore 𝑘
𝐿 − 2𝑘 = 0 𝑜𝑟,
2
𝑥 = 𝐿
7
The temperature distribution of equation is thus parabolic and
symmetrical about the mid place. Therefore maximum value of
temperature occurs at 𝑥 =𝑞𝐿 ⁄2 and it equals
𝑇𝑚𝑎 = [ (𝐿 − 𝑥)𝑥]
𝑔

+𝑥 𝑇 2 �

𝑘 �� 2
𝑥=𝐿⁄
=� 𝐿
�
2
8� �
+𝑇 �
𝑘 to surrounding at
Heat transfer from each surface

𝐴𝐿
temperature, given by:
𝑞𝑔 = ℎ𝐴(𝑇𝑤 − 𝑇𝑎 )
2
𝑜𝑟, 𝑇𝑤 = 𝑇𝑎 2� 𝐿
�𝑔

+
(4)
ℎ 𝑇 in
𝑞𝑔
Temperature distribution in putting 𝑤

𝑇 = 𝑎𝑇 𝑞𝑔
2 𝐿 +2 (𝐿 −
equation

ℎ 𝑥)𝑥𝑘
+
8
For maximum temperature, x = L/2
𝐿
𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑇𝑎 𝐿2
[2ℎ +
+ 𝑞𝑔 ]8𝑘as plane
(5)

maintained at fixed temperature 𝑇𝑤 on the other face

Equation (5) same wall insulated at one face and

The hypothetical wall thickness 2L can be

𝑇 = 𝑇𝑤 𝑎𝑡 𝑥
considered with same boundary condition

𝑑 2𝐿
=
𝑇 =0 𝑥
𝑑
Temperature 𝑥 =𝐿
distribution and maximum
��
temperature at mid plane can be written as
𝑇 � �(2𝐿 − 𝑥
2 ) �
= 𝑥�+� 𝑇
𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑘 𝐿2
2
�
�
=𝑥 +𝑇 �
𝑘
��

9
 The rate of heat generation in a slab of thickness 160 mm (k=180 W/m0C) is 1.2 MW/m3. If
temperature of each surface is 120°C, Determine temperature at mid and quarter plane.
Also determine heat loss from both sides if cross section area of slab is 2 m2. (141.33°C,
136 °C , 384kW)

Temperature of both the surfaces are different

𝑇 = 𝑇1
When the boundary conditions

𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝑇 =𝑇 𝑇22 − 𝑇1+
𝐶2 = 𝑇1 ; 𝐶1
� 𝐿
= 𝑞 𝑔
2𝑘
Substituting C1 and C2 𝑎𝑡 �

10 𝑥=𝐿
We have
 �� 2 ( 2 − 𝑇 ��
𝑇 = −� �𝑥 𝑇 ) 1̀ + � � (𝐿𝑥
2 � 2 1
+ �� � � +𝑇 )
=� 𝑘𝐿𝑥 �
𝑥 2� (
𝑇 𝑘𝑇
−
2� 2 � 2 1
�𝑔 − + 2 )+1 𝑇
𝑘� 𝑘 (𝑇 −𝑇 � ]𝑥 1
� �

𝑇 = 2𝑘 [ ( 𝐿 − 𝑥) 1
�+ 𝑇
+ following transformations may be made to obtain the
)
Or,
The 𝐿

� (𝑇 − 𝑇 ) + (𝑇 −
temperature distribution in non-dimensional from
𝐿 [ − ( ) ] +
2
𝑇 − 𝑇2 𝑔 𝑞 2 𝑥
2 𝑇2)
2 1 1

= 𝑥
𝑇 𝑘 𝑞𝐿 𝐿 𝑥 𝐿 2 �
�

= 𝐿 [𝑥 − ( ) ] �+
−
𝑇1 2𝑇 2𝑘 (𝑇1 − 𝑇− 2) �
1
𝑔 2

−𝑇 �
= 𝑞𝑔
2 𝐿 𝑥(1 − 𝑥) + (1 − )
2𝑘 (𝐿
𝑇 2 − 𝑇 )𝐿 𝐿
�
𝑥 1 2
𝐿
�

11
 𝑞𝑔 𝛿2
The parameter 2𝑘 is constant and can be replaced by a factor B
(𝑇1−𝑇2)
𝑥 𝑥
𝑇 = 𝑍𝑥 (1 − ) + (1 − )
𝑇 − 𝑇 𝐿 �
− 𝑇2 2
𝐿 𝑥
= (1 − ) 𝑍𝑥 +
𝐿
�
( 1)
𝐿
 Z increases solve of curve changes large value of 𝑞𝑔reverse
the heat flow direction.
 When Z=0 no internal heat generation and temperature

 When Z is negative 𝑞𝑔indicates absorption of heat with in

distribution linear.

the body.

12
 Maximum temperature and its location within the wall can be
worked out by differentiating equation for temperature profile
with respect to x and setting the derivative to zero:

𝑑𝑇 = (1 − 𝑥 ) 𝑍 + (𝑍𝑥 + 1)
𝑑(𝑥⁄𝐿) 𝐿 𝐿
(−1) = 0
𝑍−𝑍 −1=
� �
�
− �𝑍 � � 0
Or,
2𝑍�= 𝑍 − �
� �

�
1 �
Or,
𝑥
𝐿 =
Or,
𝑍−1
2𝑍

𝑥 𝑍−
Thus maximum temperature occurs at

1=
And it equals 𝐿 2𝑍
13
 𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑇2 𝑍 ) (𝑍 𝑍 − +
𝑇1 − 𝑇2 = (1 − 12
−2𝑍
1 ∗ 1)
𝑍 + 1 𝑍 + 1 (𝑍 + 𝑍
= 2 ∗
1)2𝑍 2
=
4𝑍

14
 𝑑𝑇
Further, rates of heat flow from any face of the wall is;

𝑄 =
𝑑
−𝑘𝐴
𝑥 𝑞
= −𝑘𝐴 [𝐶1 𝑔−
𝑘
𝑇2 − 𝑇1 𝑞𝑔
=− +𝑥] 𝐿 −
𝐿 2𝑘 𝑥
[ 𝑞𝑇
𝑔 1 − 𝑇]2 𝑞𝑔
= 𝑘𝐴 [ 𝑘 − (𝐿 −
2𝑥)] 𝐿 2𝑘
Let us now examine two cases
i. Maximum temperature occurs within the wall the heat flow will

𝑄𝑡 = 𝑄1 + 𝑄2
then be from both the surfaces and total heat flow will becomes

15
Maximum temperature occurs at the left hand face, i.e., 𝑇1 is
maximum the heat flow will then be only towards the right, i.e., in

𝑄𝑡 = 𝑄2
the direction of falling temperature.

𝑇1 − 𝑇2
= +
𝐿
𝑘𝐴[ 𝑞𝑔 𝐿]
2𝑘 (𝑖. 𝑒. , 𝑞𝑔 = 0)the above
If there is no internal heat generation
expression reduces to heat conduction equation 𝑄 = 𝑘𝐴(𝑇1 −
𝑇2)/𝐿 for a plane wall without any internal generation of energy.
The temperatures on the two surfaces of a 25 mm thick plate (k=48 W/m ºC) and 2 m2
with cross section area with uniform heat generation 30 MW/m3 are 180°C and 120
°C.
Neglecting losses from edge determine the
a. Temperature distribution across the plate
b. Value and position of maximum temperature
c. Heat flow from each surface (t= 180+5412.5x-312500x2, 8.66 mm. 203.44,
16
519.6 kW, 980.4 kW)
C .Current Carrying Electrical Conductor

current 𝑞𝑔 can be expressed in electrical terms

when heat generated within a material is due to passage of electric

𝑄� = 𝐼2 𝑅 ; 𝑅 =
𝜌𝐿
�
𝑄
�

𝑞𝑔 = 𝑔 − − − ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒

�
𝐴𝐿
I is the current R is the electrical resistance, 𝜌 is resistivity,
𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
where
L and A are the length and cross sectional area of the conductors

𝜌𝐿 �
combining these relation, we get

𝑞𝑔 = 𝐼 1 ∗ = (�) 𝜌 = 𝑖 𝜌 𝑖 2
𝐴 𝐴𝐿 𝐴
2 2 2

∗ =
𝑘𝑐 and electrical conductivity 𝑘𝑐is
the reciprocal of the resistivity 𝜌 of the medium.
Here I is the current density

17
2. Dielectric heating
Dielectric heating is a method of quickly heating insulating material
packed between the places of an electric condenser to which high
frequency high voltage AC is applied.
 High voltage at 20kV and above and frequencies in the range of
10 to 30 Mega cycles per second are employed
 The hysteresis loss is due to the reversal of
magnetism or magnetic
molecular friction which appears as heat
Heat generated is
 Directly proportional to the area of condenser plate voltage
and frequency
 Inversely proposal to distance between plates
 Per unit volume of the material is constant
18
Advantage
• More economical
• No pollution
• Efficient
• Greater safety

L thickness of slab
θ1 Temperature of electrode (1) above ambient
temperature [=tw1-ta]
θ2 Temperature of electrode (2) above ambient
temperature [=tw2-ta]
h1,h2 Heat transfer coefficient

19
  𝑄� (ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑑
𝑥
𝑄 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡
𝑥)𝑔(= −𝑘𝐴𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡) =
𝑑𝜃
�

𝐴 𝑑𝑥 𝑞𝑔
𝑄𝑄𝑥 𝑑 ((𝑄
𝑥+𝑑𝑥 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒
�

)𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 steady state condition of heat flow,
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑄𝑥 + 𝑄𝑔 =𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥) =
�
 From

𝑄𝑥+𝑑𝑥
�
= 𝑄𝑥
+
�
𝑑𝑥
𝑑(𝑄𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑜
𝑑𝑑𝑡
𝑟, 𝐴 𝑑𝑥 𝑞𝑔 𝑑=2𝑜𝑟,
𝜃 𝑄(−𝑘𝐴
=) 𝑑𝑥
−𝑘𝐴 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑔
𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(𝑄2𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
20
𝑜𝑟, 𝑑2 𝜃
+ = 0(1)
𝑞𝑔
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑘

By first and second integration

= 𝑥 (2)
𝑑 �𝑔
•𝜃
𝑑 � 1
−𝑥 2+ 𝐶
•𝜃 � x + 𝐶1𝑥
�
�𝑔 �
2
= + 𝐶2
(3)
𝑘

𝑑
For x = 0,
|𝜃 |
=𝑑𝑥𝐶
𝑋=0
−𝐴𝑘𝑑𝜃
Heat conduction = heat convection
| | = ℎ𝐴(𝑇𝑤1
− 𝑇𝑎 ) 𝑋=
𝑑𝑥𝑘𝐴𝐶 1 =
0

21 ℎ1𝐴𝜃1
Putting value of C1
𝑞𝑔
ℎ1 𝜃1
𝜃 = −2𝑘 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2
+
At 𝑐 𝑘θ=θ1, C2=
x=0, θ1
Then temperature profile

𝜃 = 𝑞𝑔 𝐿2 ℎ1 𝐿 1
2𝑘
𝜃1 +
− +𝜃
Total heat generation𝑘within insulating material= heat loss from

𝑞𝑔𝐴𝐿 = ℎ1𝜃1 + ℎ1𝜃1

both surface

22
3. Cylinder with uniform heat generation
𝑑
𝑄� (ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑟) = 𝑇
𝑑
−𝑘2𝜋 𝑟 𝑙
𝑄 (ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡) =
𝑟
�
𝑔
𝑄
2𝜋𝑟
𝑟+𝑑𝑟𝑑𝑟(ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡
𝑙 𝑞𝑔𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑟 + 𝑑𝑟 = �𝑄
𝑑
+ state conduction of heat flow, (𝑄
𝑟 𝑑 𝑟 �
For steady
𝑄𝑟 + 𝑄𝑔 = 𝑄𝑟+𝑑𝑟
)𝑑𝑟
= 𝑄𝑟𝑑+
𝑑𝑟
(𝑄𝑟)𝑑𝑟
𝑄𝑔 = 𝑑 (𝑄𝑟)𝑑𝑟
𝑑𝑟
𝑑

2𝜋 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑙𝑞𝑔 𝑑𝑇
=
(−𝑘2𝜋𝑟𝑙 𝑑𝑟
) 𝑑𝑟
𝑑𝑟
23

By first and second integration

 𝑟 𝑑𝑇= −𝑞𝑔
+𝐶
𝑟
𝑑𝑟
2 1
𝑘 2
𝑑
𝑇 = − 𝑞𝑔 𝑟
𝑑𝑟 2𝑘
𝐶1
+
𝑇 = �𝑟 +𝐶 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑟𝑟 + 𝐶
�𝑔 2
4 1 𝑒
− solid
For ……… 2
𝑘 cylinder (1)
The constants of integration C1, C2 can be determined from the

i. 𝑇 = 𝑇𝑤 𝑎𝑡 𝑟 = 𝑅
boundary conditions

ii. Heat generated equals the heat loss by conduction at the

𝑞� ( 𝜋 𝑅2 )
𝐿 (= −𝑘 )
𝑑𝑇
𝑑 𝑟=
surface
2𝜋�) 𝑅𝐿 (
𝑟 𝑅
𝑟= 𝑑𝑇
=
𝑑
0,
Also at,
𝑟
0
24
From boundary condition (i)

𝐶
The temperature gradient at the surface is
𝑑𝑇
( ) = − 𝑔𝑅
𝑞
𝑑 𝑟= 2 1�
+
𝑟 (ii),
𝑅 𝑘
𝑑𝑇 𝑞
From boundary condition �

( ) = �
𝑑 𝑟= 2
−
𝑔
𝑞𝑟 𝑅 𝐶 𝑘𝑞
− 𝑅 =−
�

2𝑘 2
+ 𝑅
𝑔 1 𝑔
𝑅 𝐶1 =
𝑜𝑟, 𝑘
condition 𝑇
Applying the boundary 0 𝑎𝑡 𝑟 = 𝑅 to equation
= 𝑇𝑤 �� 2
𝑇� = � �𝑅 [ 1=
3 2
(1)
− 𝑞𝑔𝐶
+
𝑘 𝐶 0]
𝐶2 = 𝑇 +
�

𝑅𝑤2 4
25
𝑘
 𝑞𝑔
Substituting C1 and C2 in equation (1)
𝑇 = �𝑇 + (𝑅2 −
𝑟2 ) � (2)4𝑘

𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 occurs at the centre of cylinder (r=0) and value is given by

Temperature distribution is parabolic and the maximum temperature

𝑞𝑔
𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑇 +
𝑅𝑤2 4
Combining equation 4.18 and 4.19 we𝑘obtain the temperature
distribution in the dimensionless from.
2
𝑇−𝑇𝑤
= 1 − ()
𝑟 −𝑇 �
(3)
𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑤
�
Energy is generated rates within the solid cylinder is given
𝑞𝑔(𝜋𝑅2𝐿) = ℎ(2𝜋 𝑅𝐿)(𝑇𝑤 − 𝑇𝑎 )

26
 𝑞
𝑇𝑤 = 𝑇𝑎 +
𝑔
𝑅of 𝑇𝑤 in equation (2), one gets
2ℎ
Substituting this value
temperature distribution in terms temperature 𝑇𝑎
𝑞𝑔
𝑇 = 𝑎𝑇 𝑞𝑔 𝑅 + (𝑅22
2ℎ
−𝑟 )
And temperature 𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 at r=0 4𝑘
+ 𝑞𝑔
2ℎ
𝑚
𝑞
𝑎
𝑥
4𝑘 𝑅the+stainless steel
𝑔
A current of 300 ampere𝑇passes
= through
𝑇
diameter (k=48 W/m ºC).𝑅
wire of 2.5 mm
2 resistivity of wire is 70×10-8 Ωm and length of
The
wire is 2 m. if the surface temperature of wire is 458.44 ºC, convective heat
transfer coefficient at wire surface is 4000W/m2 ºC, calculate fluid temperature
and maximum temperature at the center of the wire. (50 ºC, 509.5 ºC)

27
 𝑑
4. Uniform heat generation from sphere
𝑄� (ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑇
2
�) = −𝑘4𝜋 𝑟
𝑑
𝑄𝑔(ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 ) 𝑟= 4𝜋 𝑟2𝑑𝑟
𝑑
𝑄𝑟+𝑞𝑟(ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑟 + 𝑑𝑟)
= 𝑄𝑟 + (𝑄𝑟)𝑑𝑟
𝑑𝑟

For steady state conduction of heat flow

𝑄𝑟 + 𝑄𝑔 = 𝑄𝑟+𝑑𝑟
= 𝑄𝑟 +𝑑 (𝑑 𝑄𝑟)𝑑𝑟
𝑄𝑔𝑑𝑟=
𝑜 𝑑𝑟
𝑟, (𝑄𝑟)𝑑𝑟
𝑜 𝑑
4𝜋 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑞 𝑑𝑟
2 � = (−4𝜋𝑘 𝑟 2
𝑟 𝑑𝑇
) 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟
28
�
 𝑞𝑔
𝑜 𝑇 =� 𝑇+ (𝑅2 −
62
� 𝑟 )
𝑟,
Temperature distribution is parabolic𝑘and the maximum temperature
occurs at the center (r=0)

𝑞𝑔
of the sphere is given by
𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑇 +
𝑅𝑤2 6
Combining expressions (3) and (4) we𝑘obtained the temperature

𝑇 𝑅2 − 𝑟 2
distribution in dimensionless from

=
= 𝑇𝑤
𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑅
� 22
− 𝑇𝑤= 1− (��)
�
29
 𝑑𝑇
The heat flow can be evaluated by using the Fourier’s relation

𝑄 = −𝑘𝐴 ( )
𝑑 𝑟=
𝑟 𝑅
𝑑� 𝑞𝑔
= −𝑘4𝜋 𝑅𝑑𝑟 2 [𝑇 +
𝑞𝑔 𝑟=
𝑞𝑔
2 ) ]6𝑘
(𝑅2 −=𝑟−𝑘4𝜋
𝑅
𝑅2 [ 𝑘4𝜋 𝑅2 ∗
�

(−2𝑟6 )] 𝑟= 𝑅 3
4 3 𝑘 𝑅 𝑘
=
𝜋𝑅
∗ 𝑞𝑔 3
= 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
𝑜𝑓
𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 ∗
ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 4 3
𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖 3 𝜋𝑅 𝑞𝑔 𝑎
= ℎ ∗ 4𝜋 𝑅𝑤 2(𝑇

𝑜𝑛
−𝑇 )
30
𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
But for steady state condition the heat generated equals to heat
 𝑞𝑔
𝑜𝑟 𝑇𝑤 = 𝑇𝑎 +
𝑅
Substituting this value of surface temperature 𝑇𝑤 in expressions
3ℎ 𝑞𝑔
𝑇 = 𝑎𝑇 𝑞𝑔 𝑅 (𝑅2 )
3 6
(3)
2
+ −𝑟
and temperature 𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 and ℎ 𝑘
+ �� �� 2
𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑇𝑎 � �𝑅 +�
3ℎ
r=0
+ 𝑅
6𝑘90 mm diameter which generates
�

A spherical ball (k=0.23 W/m ºC) and

heat 5100 W/m3. If external surface temperature of sphere is 8 ºC,
determine
a.Temperature at the center of sphere
b.Heat flow from sphere surface (15.48 ºC , 1.946 W)

31