PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2
DATA COLLECTION
& Analyzing Data
Quarter 3 – Module 5
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH TOOLS
The most used quantitative research technique in
educational research is the survey. In a quantitative
survey, you may use short answer responses or
dichotomous questions, multiple choice answers,
paragraph, check boxes, drop down, linear scale,
multiple choice grid, and more. As you can see, there
are various question formats that can be adapted to
your research needs. Here are some examples of
dichotomous, multiple choice, rank ordering scaling,
rating scale, staple scale.
THE DICHOTOMOUS
QUESTION
This type of questions is
generally answered
“yes/no”.
For example:
Have you traveled to
Guatemala?
• Yes
• No
Where do you get the news from?
• Television
• Radio
• Newspaper
• Magazine
THE MULTIPLE • Word-of-mouth
• Internet
CHOICE
Other: Please Specify
QUESTIONS “For this type of question it is
important to consider including an
"other" category because there may be
other avenues by which the person
first heard about your site that you
might have overlooked” (Question Pro
Survey Software, 2017).
RANK ORDER SCALING
Rank order scaling questions allow a certain
set of brands or products to be ranked based
upon a specific attribute or characteristic.
Perhaps we know that Toyota, Honda, Mazda,
and Ford are most likely to be purchased. You
may request that the options be ranked based
upon a particular attribute.
Ties may or may not be allowed. If you allow
ties, several options will have the same scores.
RANK ORDER SCALING
Example:
Based upon what you have seen, heard, and
experienced, please rank the following brands
according to their reliability. Place a "1" next to the
brand that is most reliable, a "2" next to the brand that
is next most reliable, and so on. Remember, no two
cars can have the same ranking.
• Honda
• Toyota
• Mazda
• Ford
THE RATING SCALE
A rating scale question requires a
person to rate a product or brand along
a well-defined, evenly spaced
continuum. Rating scales are often used
to measure the direction and intensity
of attitudes. The following is an
example of a comparative rating scale
question:
THE RATING SCALE
Which of the following categories best describes your
last experience purchasing a product or service on our
website? Would you say that your experience was:
• Very pleasant
• Somewhat pleasant
• Neither pleasant nor unpleasant
• Somewhat unpleasant
• Very unpleasant
THE SEMANTIC
DIFFERENTIAL SCALE
The semantic differential scale asks a Example:
person to rate a product, brand, or (7) Very Attractive
company based upon a seven-point rating (6)
scale that has two bipolar adjectives at (5)
each end. The following is an example of a (4)
semantic differential scale question.
(3)
Notice that unlike the rating scale, the (2)
semantic differential scale does (1) Very
not have a neutral or middle selection. A Unattractive
person must choose, to a certain
extent, one or the other adjective.
THE STAPLE SCALE
The staple scale asks a person to rate a (+5) Describes very
brand, product, or service according to a well
certain characteristic on a scale from +5 to
(+4)
-5, indicating how well the characteristic
describes the product or service. The (+3)
following is an example of a staple scale (+2)
question: When thinking about Data Mining (+1)
Technologies, Inc. (DMT), do you believe Innovative
that the word "innovative" aptly describes (-1)
or poorly describes the company? On a (-2)
scale of +5 to -5 with +5being "very good
(-3)
description of DMT" and -5 being "poor
description of DMT," how do you rank DMT
(-4)
according to the word "innovative"? (-5) Poorly
Describes
THE CONSTANT SUM
QUESTION
A constant sum question permits collection of "ratio" data,
meaning that the data is able to express the relative value
or importance of the options (option A is twice as important
as option B)
Example:
The following question asks you to divide 100 points
between a set of options to show the value or importance
you place on each option. Distribute
the 100 points giving the more important reasons a greater
number of points. The computer will prompt you if your
total does not equal exactly 100 points.
THE CONSTANT SUM
QUESTION
When thinking about the reasons you purchased our
Target Find data mining software, please rate the
following reasons according to their relative
importance.
• Seamless integration with other software
• User friendliness of software
• Ability to manipulate algorithms
• Level of pre- and post-purchase service
• Level of value for the price
• Convenience of purchase/quick delivery
THE OPEN-ENDED QUESTION
The open-ended question seeks to explore the
qualitative, in-depth aspects of a particular
topic or issue. It gives a person the chance to
respond in detail. Although open-ended
questions are important, they are time-
consuming and should not be over-used. An
example of an open-ended
question might be:
THE OPEN-ENDED QUESTION
(If the respondent indicates they did not find what
they were looking for...) What products of services
were you looking for that were not found on our
website?
If you want to add an "Other" answer to a multiple
choice question, you would use branching
instructions to come to an open ended question to
find out what Other....
PRESENTING AND INTERPRETING DATA IN
TABULAR AND GRAPHICAL FORMS
To be able to create and present an organized
picture of information from a research report, it
is important to use certain techniques to
communicate findings and interpretations of
research studies into visual form. The common
techniques being used to display results are
tabular, textual and graphical methods.
PRESENTING AND INTERPRETING DATA IN
TABULAR AND GRAPHICAL FORMS
Textual Presentation of Data
Textual presentation use words, statements or
paragraphs with numerals, numbers to describe data.
Example: ◦ There are 42, 036 barangays in the
Philippines. The largest barangay in terms of population
size in Barangay 176 in Caloocan City with 247
thousand persons. It is followed by Commonwealth in
Quezon City (198, 295) and Batasan Hills in Quezon City
(161, 409). Twelve other barangays posted a population
size of more than a hundred thousand persons.
PRESENTING AND INTERPRETING DATA IN
TABULAR AND GRAPHICAL FORMS
Tabular Presentation of Data
Tables present clear and organized data. A table must
be clear and simple but complete. A good table should
include the following parts. Table number and title –
these are placed above the table. The title is usually
written right after the table number. Caption subhead –
this refers to columns and rows. Body –it contains all the
data under each subhead. Source- it indicates if the
data is secondary and it should be acknowledged.
PRESENTING AND INTERPRETING DATA IN
TABULAR AND GRAPHICAL FORMS
Tabular Presentation of Data
Example of a
good table:
PRESENTING AND INTERPRETING DATA IN
TABULAR AND GRAPHICAL FORMS
Tabular Presentation of Data
Tabular
Presentation
with Textual
Analysis
PRESENTING AND INTERPRETING DATA IN
TABULAR AND GRAPHICAL FORMS
Graphical Method of Presenting the
Data
A graph or chart portrays
the visual presentation of
data using symbols such
as lines, dots, bars or
slices. It depicts the trend
of a certain set of
measurements or shows
comparison between two
or more sets of data or
quantities.
PRESENTING AND INTERPRETING DATA IN
TABULAR AND GRAPHICAL FORMS
A bar graph uses bars to
Bar Graph
compare categories of data. It
may be drawn vertically or
horizontally. A vertical bar graph
is best to use when comparing
means or percentages between
distinct categories. The
categories are measured
independently and compared
with one another. A horizontal
bar graph may contain more
than 5 categories. A bar
graph is plotted on either the x-
axis or y-axis.
PRESENTING AND INTERPRETING DATA IN
TABULAR AND GRAPHICAL FORMS
Pie Charts or Circle Graphs
A pie chart is usually
used to show how parts
of a whole compare to
each other and to the
whole. The entire circle
represents the total and
the parts are proportional
to the amount of the total
they represent.
STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES TO ANALYZE DATA
Bivariate Analysis
Bivariate analysis refers to the analysis of two variables
to determine relationships between them. Bivariate
analyses are often reported in quality of life research.
For an excellent example of research that utilizes
bivariate analyses and demonstrates how the results of
bivariate analyses can be used to inform further more
complex analyses, please see Michalos, Thommasen,
Read, Anderson, and Zumbo (2005).
STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES TO ANALYZE DATA
Bivariate Analysis
Bivariate analyses are conducted to determine whether
a statistical association exists between two variables,
the degree of association if one does exist, and whether
one variable may be predicted from another. For
example, bivariate analyses could be used to answer
the question of whether there is an association between
income and quality of life, or whether quality of life can
be predicted...
TYPES OF BIVARIATE ANALYSIS
I. Descriptive Analysis
In the descriptive analysis, bivariate analysis can apply to almost
all data visualizations. Types of visualization displays such as bar
charts, line charts, column charts, etc. can still be used for
bivariate analysis.
One of the interesting data visualizations that are usually done
with bivariate analysis is a scatterplot. The scatterplot is a data
visualization in the form of points displayed on the x and y axes.
The x and y axes represent the value of each variable.
TYPES OF BIVARIATE ANALYSIS
I. Descriptive Analysis
By using a scatterplot, we can see the pattern of the
relationship between the 2 variables. The relationships that
are formed can be linear, exponential, seasonal, etc.
according to data conditions.
The scatterplot is only a tool to detect relationship
patterns, not to draw conclusions on the relationship
pattern between 2 variables.
TYPES OF BIVARIATE ANALYSIS
II. Inferential Analysis
Inferential analysis is used to generalize the results
obtained from a random (probability) sample back to the
population from which the sample was drawn.
This analysis is only required when:
-a sample is drawn by a random procedure; and
-the response rate is very high.
Read each item carefully. Write the letter that
corresponds to your answers.
1. The most commonly used educational research
technique is.
a. correlational b. experimental
c. survey d. causal
2. When a constant sum question permits collection of
"ratio" data, meaning
a. able to express the relative value c. relevant data
b. insignificance of the options d. able to find more
options
Read each item carefully. Write the letter that
corresponds to your answers.
3. It can be applied to almost of data visualizations is.
a. mental b. bivariate
c. scatterplot d. inferential
4. What type of chart that usually used to show how parts
of a whole compare to each other and to the whole?
a. Bar Chart b. pie chart
c. Scatter Plot d. Bubble Chart
5. The following are examples of graph or chart, except:
a. lines b. dots
c. comma d. bars
THANK YOU
