Sampling

Distribution of
Sample Means
STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY
Lesson Objectives
At the end of the lesson, you're
expected to:

illustrate random
sampling;
distinguish between parameter and statistic;
and
construct sampling distribution of sample
means
 The population refers to the whole
group under study or investigation.
In research, the population does not
always refer to people. It may mean a
group containing elements of anything
you want to study, such as objects,
events, organizations, countries, species,
organisms, etc.
 A sample is a subset taken from a
population, either by random sampling
or by non-random sampling.
A sample is a representation of the
population where it is hoped that valid
conclusions will be drawn from the
population
A parameter is a number describing
a
whole population

While a statistic is a
number
describing a sample
 Random sampling is a
selection of n elements
derived from the N
population, which is the
subject of an investigation or
experiment, where each point
of the sample has an equal
Types of Random Sampling Techniques
1. Lottery sampling is a sampling
technique in which each member
of the population has an equal
chance of being selected.
An instance of this is when
members of the population have
their names represented by small
pieces of paper that are then
2. Systematic sampling is a
sampling technique in which
members of the population are
listed and samples are selected at
intervals called sample intervals. In
this technique, every nth item
For example, if we want to draw a in
the list will be selected from a
200 sample from a population of 6,000,
randomly selected starting point.
we can select every 3rd person in the
list. In practice, the numbers between 1
3. Stratified random sampling is a
sampling procedure in which members
of the population are grouped on the
basis of their homogeneity. This
technique is used when there are a
number of distinct subgroups in the
population within which full
representation is required.
The sample is constructed by
classifying the population into
subpopulations or strata on the basis of
4. Cluster sampling is sometimes
referred to as area sampling and
applied on a geographical basis.
Generally, first sampling is
performed at higher levels
For example,
before going samples
down to are lower
taken
randomly
levels. from the provinces first,
followed by cities, municipalities or
barangays, and then from
5. Multi-stage sampling uses
a combination of different
sampling techniques.
For example, when selecting
respondents for a national
election survey, we can use the
lottery method first for regions
and cities. We can then use
stratified sampling to determine
 Direction: On your answer sheet, give one
situation where each of the sampling methods
is being applied.

1. Lottery Sampling: __________________________

2. Systematic Sampling: _______________________
3. Stratified Random Sampling __________________
4. Cluster Sampling ___________________________
5. Multi-stage sampling _______________________
Name: date:
Section: score:
Activity 2: What I want?

If you were a researcher and

wanted to conduct a research
within your Barangay, what
would it be? What sampling
technique are you going to use.
Why?
 There are 10 possible samples of size 3
that can be drawn from the given
population.

The number of samples of size n that can be

drawn from a population size of N is given by
N Cn
SAMPLE MEAN

4, 9, 10 7.67
2, 4, 9 5.00

4, 9, 5 6.00
2, 4, 10 5.33

4, 10, 5 6.33
2, 4, 5 3.67

9, 10, 5 8.00
2, 9, 10 7.00

2, 9, 5 5.33

2, 10, 5 5.67
 SAMPLE MEAN FREQUENCY

3.67 1

This time, let us make a 5.00 1

frequency distribution of 5.33 2

the sample means. We
shall call this frequency 5.67 1
distribution, the sampling
distribution of the sample 6.00 1

means
6.33 1

7.00 1

7.67 1

8.00 1 TOTAL: n=10

 Observe that the mean vary from sample to
sample. Thus, any mean based on the sample
drawn from a population is expected to
assume different values for the samples. So,
this leads us to a conclusion that sample
mean is a random variable, which depends on
a particular sample. Being a random variable,
it has a probability distribution. The
probability distribution of the sample means is
also called the sampling distribution of the
sample mean. Refer to Table 3.1
SAMPLE MEAN PROBABILITY
FREQUENCY
x̄ P(x̄)
7.00 1 1\1o= 0.10

3.67 1 1/10 = 0.10 7.67 1 1/10= 0.10

5.00 1 1/10= 0.10 8.00 1 1/10= 0.10

5.33 2 2/10= 0.20

TOTAL n= 10 1.00

5.67 1 1\10= 0.10 Observe that the means of the samples are
less than or greater than the mean of the
6.00 1 1\10= 0.10 population. The difference between the
sample mean and the population mean is
called the sampling error. It is the error due
6.33 1 1/10= 0.10
to sampling.
 ACTIVITY 2: DRAWING CARDS
Samples of
three cards are
a. How many possible samples can be
drawn at drawn
random from a
Steps Solution
population of
eight cards Identify the given Here N= 8 and n= 3
numbered from Use the formula NCn
1 to 8. to find the number of
possible samples that NCn=

can be drawn. 56

There are 56 possible samples that can be

drawn
 b. Construct the sampling distribution of sample means

SAMPLE PROBABILITY 3.67 5 5/56 5.67 4 1/14

FREQUENCY
MEAN x̄ P(x̄)

4.00 6 3/28 6.00 3 3/56

2.00 1 1/56

4.33 6 3/28 6.33 2 1/28

2.33 1 1/56

4.67 6 3/28 TOTAL 56 1.00

2.67 2 1/28

5.00 6 3/28
3.00 3 3/56

3.33 4 1/14 5.33 5 5/56

 Steps in Constructing the Sampling Distribution of the
Means

• Determine the number of possible samples that can be

drawn from the population using the formula:

NCn
where N= size of population
n= size of the sample

2. List all the possible samples and compute the

mean of each sample.

3. Construct a frequency distribution of the sample means

obtained in Step 2.