BINARY AND HEXADECIMAL
06/09/24
• Softwares are some type of programming eg. apps- applications, programs, executables
while hardware is the outside material like the devices
File extensions for these may be .jpg, .docx, .exe
• Computers only communicate using binary because they are signal sent out ( like switches
1=on and 0=off )
Machine language
• Binary is also known as machine code, every single computer uses machine language which
also falls under the category of Low-level Language
• Any other programming language is known as a High-level Language eg. Python, java etc.
BINARY
Most Least significant bit
significant bit
2^7 2^6 2^5 2^4 2^3 2^2 2^1 2^0
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
Highest Lowest
value For example, if the binary code was 10011011, we can insert digits value
into the table above. Then we can simplify all the values which
contains a 1, therefore 128+16+8+2+1= 155
8 bits = 1byte so if there's a number higher than 255 then u have
to add another byte to make the number.
4 bits = 1 nibble
11/09/24
• Nibbles= 4 bits
• Each bit goes from 1 to 8 e.g.
01101100
0110
1100
In order to identify if it’s a nibble and not a byte then there is a
big gap between the two groups of four. The highest number you
can make for a nibble is 15 as its 8+4+2+1.
HEXADECIMAL
• Computers also use Hexadecimal numbers
• There are 16 hexadecimal numbers and they look like this:
De 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
c
He 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
x
• For example , if we have a number of DB7, we calculate this as:
7 = 7 x (160) = 7x1= 7
Remember to multiply
B = 11 x (16 ) = 11x16= 176
1
ur numbers backwards!
D = 13x (162) = 13x256= 3328
If the binary number is 106 = 01101010
Decimal = 7+176+3328= 3511 then u need to split the nibbles into bytes =
0110 and 1010 then convert to denary = 6
and 10 and using the hexadecimal table the
answer is 6A
12/09/24- CHARACTER SETS
Data is anything while information has a meaning relative to the
subject. For example lets say you are given a bunch of months and
dates, at the start if you are not told what it is its data but when
everything is pierced to together then its information
Text is represented with character sets.
Eg. “13” + “12” = “1312”
Concatenation is when the two strings are put together and so is
the name of the product.
A character set is a list of characters such as a b c d and numerical
codes to represent them.
ASCII
• The original ascii only uses a 7 (0-7) bit numbers
to represent all of its characters used in the
English language.
• Uppercase letters have different binary numbers
than lowercase letters and punctuation have
their own symbol (even the space!)
• The are 2 possiblilites per bit, 27 = 128 possible
values from 0 to 127 ( this includes the character
representative)
• Each of those values are assigned a character.
Therecharacter
Each are around 104-107
is one byte. keys on a standard
keyboard
Extended ascii uses 8 bits, because ascii has an
extra unused bit, it could store another 128 values.
This is very useful for other languages that may use
ascii characters, but you may need other fonts
(characters)
DO NOW – 13/09/24
1. 7 in ASCIII is 00110111 = 55
2. what is 7 in binary value? 00000111
3. because the ASCII table is different from the binary values
because ASCII is a character set and so is taken as a string so
you have to specify if the variable is text or integer. You
cannot do arithmetic with ASCII because they are string.
UNICODE
Unicode is another character set that can store up to 32 bits.
This set allows characters representation for other languages
such as Chinese, Punjabi, Greek, and any other writing sets
It currently contains 136,755 characters but is capable of storing
4,294,967,296 characters. The first 128 characters always the
same as ascii
B I N A RY A R I T H M E T I C
• Lets say, 2+2 = 4
• This woulkd be represented bas 0010 + 0010 so layout your
binary in long addition as 0010
+0010
This is because the 1 in the second
0100
column mean 2 so 2+2 is 4 which
can be carried over to the next
column and become a 1 in the third
column.
BINARY SHIFTS
So when you shift left then you
are multiplying your number
by 2 when you do the reverse
you are dividing by 2
= multiply by 2
= divide by two
Shifting by n places to the left
is the same as multiply by the
2n
