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Lecture 2 Image Formation

The document outlines the topics covered in Lecture No. 2 of a course on Image Processing and Computer Vision, including the history of image processing, fundamental steps in digital image processing, and the basics of image representation. It discusses the human vision system's limitations and the differences between analog and digital images. Key stages in digital image processing such as acquisition, enhancement, restoration, and segmentation are also highlighted.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

15 views70 pages

Lecture 2 Image Formation

Uploaded by

syedafatimajaffer3

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

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Image Processing & Computer Vision

CT-527

Lecture No.2
1
Summary of Lecture No. 1

• Image Processing

• Computer Vision

• Difference between Image Processing and Computer Vision

• Applications of Image Processing

2
Lecture No 2

Lecture Outline

• History

• Fundamental Steps in Digital Image Processing

• Image Processing Basics

• Human Vision System and its limitations

• Analog Image and Digital Image

3
istory of Image Processing

One of the first applications of digital images was in the newspaper industry,
when pictures were first sent by submarine cable between London and New
York.

Introduction of the Bartlane cable picture transmission system in the early

1920s reduced the time required to transport a picture across the Atlantic
from more than a week to less than three hours.

A digital picture produced in

1921 from a coded tape by a
telegraph printer with special
12 type faces.
History…..

Since 1929, for next 35 years; the researches have paid their attention to
improve the image quality or to improve the reproduction quality.

In 1964, these image processing techniques were being used at Jet

Propulsion Laboratory to improve the pictures of moon which have been
transmitted by ranger 7.

And, we can say that this is the time from where the image processing
techniques or the digital image processing techniques has got a boost and
this is considered to be the basis of modern image processing techniques.

5
Image Processing Basics
Image Representation

(
Image Representation

A digital image is
composed of M rows and
N columns of pixels each
storing a value

Pixel values are most

often grey levels in the
range 0-255(black-
white)

We will see later on that

images can easily be
represented as matrices.
Image representation
At a particular point X Y in the image, conventionally
the X coordinate is taken vertically downwards and
the Y axis is taken horizontally towards right.

if I look at this image, this image is nothing but a 2

dimensional intensity function which is represented by
f (x, y).

f (x, y) is represented by product of 2 terms;

• one term is r (x, y)

• other term is i (x, y).

• r (x, y) is the refractivity of the surface of the

corresponding image point from where the
light gets reflected

• i (x, y), it represents the intensity of the

incident light.
Image digitalization

here are infinite number of points with infinite

once we get these sample values, at every point, the
ossible intensity values in real. value of sample is again continuous. So, it can assume
any of the infinite possible values.
ake samples of the image on a regular grid.
For that, the second operation that we have to do is
rst level representation of an image in a digital
DISCRETIZATION OF THE INTENSITY values of
omputer is SPATIAL DISCRETIZATION by grids:
different samples: called QUANTIZATION.
alled SAMPLING.

10
Image Representation

• m number of rows and n number of columns

each of these elements in this matrix representation is called a pixel
or a pale/pictutre elements.

11
Quantization

Each of this sample values are quantized and typically for image processing
applications,

The quantization is done using 8 bits for black and white image

24 bits for color image, there are 3 color planes - red, green and blue.

For each of the planes, if used 8 bits for quantization, then it gives us 24 bits which is
used for representation of digital color image.

12
Values of sample

13
Fundamental Steps in Digital Image Processing
Relationship with other Fields
Key Stages in Digital Image
Processing
Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement