Module:3 Analysis of Linear Time-Invariant (LTI) system

Module:3 Topics

 Properties of systems

 Impulse response of continuous and discrete time LTI systems

 Response of LTI systems using convolution integrals and convolution sum

System Properties
𝒙 (𝒕 ) 𝒚 (𝒕)
System
 Memory 𝒙 [𝒏] 𝒚 [𝒏]
 Invertibility
 Causality
 Time invariance
 Linearity
 Stability

Linearity and time invariance plays a fundamental role in signals and systems analysis for two
reasons:
 Many physical processes possess these properties and thus can be modelled as LTI systems.
 It is possible to develop some extremely powerful tools for system analysis and design.
 Time Invariance
C.T D.T
𝒙 (𝒕)→ 𝒚 (𝒕) 𝒙 [𝒏]→ 𝒚 [𝒏]

then 𝒙 (𝒕 −𝒕 𝟎) → 𝒚 ( 𝒕 −𝒕 𝟎 ) 𝒂𝒏𝒚 𝒕 𝟎 then 𝒙 [ 𝒏−𝒏𝟎 ] → 𝒚 [𝒏− 𝒏𝟎]

The property of time invariance states that, the system is not sensitive to the time origin. More specifically, if the input
is shifted in time by some amount, then the output is simply shifted by the same amount.

 Linearity
A linear system has the property that the response to a linear combination of inputs is the same linear combination
of the individual responses.

C.T 𝒙 (𝒕)→ 𝒚 (𝒕) then 𝒂 𝒙 𝟏 ( 𝒕 ) + 𝒃 𝒙 𝟐 ( 𝒕 ) → 𝒂 𝒚 𝟏 ( 𝒕 ) + 𝒃 𝒚 𝟐 (𝒕 )

D.T 𝒙 [𝒏]→ 𝒚 [𝒏] then 𝒂 𝒙 𝟏 [𝒏]+𝒃 𝒙 𝟐 [𝒏]→ 𝒂 𝒚 𝟏[𝒏]+ 𝒃 𝒚 𝟐 [𝒏]

 Analysis of LTI System
Strategy

 Decompose input signals into a linear combination of basic signal

 Choose basic signal so that response is easy to compute

𝑫 𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒚𝒆𝒅 𝒊𝒎𝒑𝒖𝒍𝒔𝒆 ⇔ 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

𝑪 𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆𝒙 𝒆𝒙𝒑𝒐𝒏𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 ⇔ 𝑭𝒐𝒖𝒓𝒊𝒆𝒓 𝒂𝒏𝒂𝒍𝒚𝒔𝒊𝒔

Convolution
 Basic signal – Delayed impulse
 Discrete Time Signal – Convolution Sum/Superposition Sum
 Continuous Time Signal – Convolution Integral/Superposition Integral
Decompose input signals into a linear combination of delayed impulse

𝒙 [𝒏 ]
δ [ 𝒏]

….. −𝟒 ….. ….. …..

−𝟏
−𝟐 𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟒
−𝟑 𝒏 𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟒 𝒏

𝒙 [−𝟐]δ [ 𝒏+𝟐 ] 𝒙 [−𝟏]δ [ 𝒏+𝟏 ]

….. ….. ….. …..

−𝟐−𝟏 𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟒
−𝟑 𝒏 −𝟐−𝟏 𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟒
−𝟑 𝒏
 𝒙 [𝟎]δ [ 𝒏 −𝟎 ] 𝒙 [𝟏]δ [ 𝒏− 𝟏 ]

….. ….. ….. …..

−𝟐−𝟏 𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟒
−𝟑 𝒏 −𝟐−𝟏 𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟒
−𝟑 𝒏

𝒙 [𝟐]δ [ 𝒏− 𝟐 ]

….. ….. ∞
−𝟐−𝟏 𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟒
−𝟑 𝒏 𝒙 [𝒏 ]= ∑ 𝒙 [ 𝒌 ] 𝜹[𝒏− 𝒌]
𝒌=−∞
 ∞
𝒙 [𝒏 ]= ∑ 𝒙 [ 𝒌 ] 𝜹[𝒏− 𝒌]
𝒌=−∞

The response of the of the above expression is

∞
𝒚 [ 𝒏 ]= ∑ 𝒙 [ 𝒌 ] 𝒉 [ 𝒏− 𝒌 ]
𝒌=− ∞

w is the output of the LTI system when is the input.

This is referred to as the convolution sum or superposition sum, and the operation on the right-hand side is
known as the convolution of the sequences and .
The operation of convolution is symbolically represented as
𝒚 [ 𝒏 ] =𝒙 [ 𝒏 ] ∗𝒉[𝒏]
∞
𝒊 . 𝒆 . 𝒚 [ 𝒏 ] =𝒙 [ 𝒏 ] ∗𝒉 [ 𝒏 ] = ∑ 𝒙 [ 𝒌 ] 𝜹 [𝒏 −𝒌]
𝒌=− ∞
 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒔 𝒕𝒐 𝑹𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓
∞
𝟏
∑ 𝒂 =¿ 𝟏 − 𝒂 , 𝟎<|𝒂|<𝟏 ¿
𝒌

𝒌=𝟎

𝑵 𝑵−𝟏
∑ 𝒌
𝒂 =𝑵 +𝟏 ∑ 𝒂 =𝑵 𝒌
𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒂=𝟏
𝒌=𝟎 𝒌=𝟎

𝑵 𝑵− 𝟏 𝑵
𝟏− 𝒂 𝑵+𝟏
𝟏−𝒂
∑ 𝒂 =¿ 𝟏− 𝒂 ¿
𝒌
∑ 𝒂 =¿ 𝟏−𝒂 ¿ 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒂≠ 𝟏
𝒌

𝒌=𝟎 𝒌=𝟎
Problem 1

Consider an LTI system with impulse response and given by

𝒉 [ 𝒏] 𝒙 [𝒏 ]
𝟐
….. 𝟏 …..
…..
𝟎.𝟓 …..
−𝟐−𝟏 𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟒
−𝟑 𝒏
−𝟏 𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟑
−𝟐 𝒏
Compute and plot the convolution
Solution ∞
𝒚 [ 𝒏 ]= ∑ 𝒙 [ 𝒌 ] 𝒉 [ 𝒏− 𝒌 ]
𝒌=− ∞

𝒙 [ 𝒌] 𝒉 [𝒌]
𝟐
….. 𝟏 …..
…..
𝟎.𝟓 …..
−𝟐−𝟏 𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟒
−𝟑 𝒏
−𝟏 𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟑
−𝟐 𝒏
when n=0
𝒉 [ −𝒌 ]
∞
𝒚 [ 𝟎 ]= ∑ 𝒙 [ 𝒌 ] 𝒉 [ − 𝒌]
𝟏
𝒌=− ∞ ….. …..
𝒚 [ 𝟎 ] =𝟎 .𝟓 −𝟐−𝟏 𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟒
−𝟑 𝒌
when n=1
∞ ∞
𝒚 [ 𝟏]= ∑ 𝒙 [ 𝒌 ] 𝒉 [ 𝟏− 𝒌 ] 𝒚 [ 𝟏 ] = ∑ 𝒙 [ 𝒌 ] 𝒉 [ −(𝒌 −𝟏) ]
𝒌=−∞ 𝒌=−∞

𝒙 [ 𝒌]
𝒉 [ −𝒌 ]
𝟐

…..
𝟎.𝟓 ….. ….. 𝟏 …..
−𝟏 𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟑
−𝟐 𝒌 −𝟑−𝟐−𝟏 𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟒 𝒌
𝒉 [ −(𝒌 −𝟏) ]

….. 𝟏 …..
−𝟐−𝟏 𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟒 𝒌 𝒚 [ 𝟏 ] =𝟎 .𝟓+𝟐=𝟐 . 𝟓
−𝟑
when n=2
∞ ∞
𝒚 [ 𝟐]= ∑ 𝒙 [ 𝒌 ] 𝒉 [ 𝟐− 𝒌 ] = ∑ 𝒙 [ 𝒌 ] 𝒉 [ −(𝒌− 𝟐) ]
𝒌=−∞ 𝒌=− ∞

𝒙 [ 𝒌]
𝒉 [ −(𝒌 −𝟏) ]
𝟐

…..
𝟎.𝟓 ….. ….. 𝟏 …..
−𝟏 𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟑
−𝟐 𝒌 −𝟑−𝟐−𝟏 𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟒 𝒌
𝒉 [ −(𝒌 −𝟐) ]

𝒚 [ 𝟐 ] =𝟎 .𝟓+𝟐=𝟐 . 𝟓
….. 𝟏 …..
−𝟐−𝟏 𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟒
−𝟑 𝒌
when n=3
∞ ∞
𝒚 [ 𝟑]= ∑ 𝒙 [ 𝒌 ] 𝒉 [ 𝟑− 𝒌 ] = ∑ 𝒙 [ 𝒌 ] 𝒉 [ −(𝒌− 𝟑) ]
𝒌=−∞ 𝒌=− ∞

𝒙 [ 𝒌] 𝒉 [ −(𝒌 −𝟐) ]
𝟐

𝟎.𝟓 ….. 𝟏 …..

….. …..
−𝟏 𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟑
−𝟐 𝒌 −𝟐−𝟏 𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟒
−𝟑 𝒌
𝒉 [ −(𝒌 −𝟑) ]

𝒚 [ 𝟑 ] =𝟐
….. 𝟏 …..
−𝟐−𝟏 𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟒
−𝟑 𝒌
when n=4
∞ ∞
𝒚 [ 𝟒 ]= ∑ 𝒙 [ 𝒌 ] 𝒉 [ 𝟒 − 𝒌 ] = ∑ 𝒙 [ 𝒌 ] 𝒉 [ −(𝒌 −𝟒) ]
𝒌=− ∞ 𝒌=−∞

𝒙 [ 𝒌]
𝒉 [ −(𝒌 −𝟑) ]
𝟐

…..
𝟎.𝟓 ….. ….. 𝟏 …..
−𝟏 𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟑
−𝟐 𝒌 −𝟐−𝟏 𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟒
−𝟑 𝒌
𝒉 [ −(𝒌 −𝟒) ]

𝟏 …..
….. 𝒚 [ 𝟒 ] =𝟎
−𝟐−𝟏 𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟒
−𝟑 𝒌
 𝒚 [ 𝒏]
𝟐.𝟓
𝟐

….. 𝟎.𝟓 …..

−𝟐−𝟏 𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟒 𝒏
−𝟑

Problem 2

Consider an LTI system with impulse response and specified as

follows:
𝒏
𝒙 [ 𝒏 ] =𝟐 𝒖[ −𝒏]

𝒉 [ 𝒏 ] =𝒖[𝒏]

Compute and plot the convolution

Solution
∞
𝒚 [ 𝒏 ]= ∑ 𝒙 [ 𝒌 ] 𝒉 [ 𝒏− 𝒌 ]
𝒌=− ∞

𝒌
𝒙 [ 𝒌 ] =𝟐 𝒖[−𝒌 ]
𝟏 𝒉 [𝒌]
1
1
2 𝒙 [ 𝒌 ] =𝟎 , 𝒌>𝟎
1 4
….. 8 ….. ….. …..
−𝟐
−𝟑 −𝟏 𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟑 𝒌 −𝟐−𝟏 𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟒
−𝟑 𝒌
 𝒉 [ −𝒌 ]

….. 𝟏 …..
−𝟐−𝟏 𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟒
−𝟑 𝒌

( 𝒊 ) 𝒏 ≥𝟎
𝒌
𝒙 [ 𝒌 ] =𝟐 𝒖[−𝒌 ]
𝒉 [ 𝒏−𝒌 ] =𝒉[− ( 𝒌 −𝒏 ) ] 𝟏
1
𝒉 [ 𝒏−𝒌 ] =𝟎 ,𝒌 >𝒏 1
2 𝒙 [ 𝒌 ] =𝟎 , 𝒌>𝟎
….. 𝟏 ….. …..
1
8
4
…..
−𝟐−𝟏 𝟎𝟏𝟐𝒏
−𝟑 𝒌 −𝟐
−𝟑 −𝟏 𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟑 𝒌
 when has nonzero samples in the interval . It follows that
for

𝟎 𝟎
𝒚 [ 𝒏 ]= ∑ 𝒙 [ 𝒌 ] 𝒉 [ 𝒏− 𝒌 ] =¿ ∑𝟐 𝒌
¿
𝒌=− ∞ 𝒌=− ∞

∞
𝟏
∑ 𝒂 =¿ 𝟏 − 𝒂 , 𝟎<|𝒂|<𝟏 ¿
𝒌

𝒌=𝟎
Let r = -k
𝟎

( )
∞
𝟏 𝒓 𝟏
𝒚 [ 𝒏 ] = ∑ 𝟐 =¿ ∑ −𝒓
= =𝟐 ¿
𝒓 =∞ 𝒓 =𝟎 𝟐
𝟏− ( ) 𝟏
𝟐

Thus, y[n] takes on a constant value of 2 for

( 𝒊𝒊 ) 𝒏 <𝟎 𝒌
𝒙 [ 𝒌 ] =𝟐 𝒖[−𝒌 ]
𝒉 [ −(𝒌+𝒏) ] 𝟏
1
𝒉 [ −(𝒌+𝒏) ] =𝟎 , 𝒌 ≥𝒏 2 𝒙 [ 𝒌 ] =𝟎 , 𝒌>𝟎
1

….. 𝟏 ….. …..

1
8
4
…..
𝒏−𝟏 𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟒 𝒌 −𝟐
−𝟑 −𝟏 𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟑 𝒌

when has nonzero samples in the interval . It follows that

for
𝒏 𝒏
𝒚 [ 𝒏 ]= ∑ 𝒙 [ 𝒌 ] 𝒉 [ 𝒏− 𝒌 ] =¿ ∑ 𝒌
𝟐 ¿
𝒌=− ∞ 𝒌=− ∞
 when has nonzero samples in the interval . It follows that
for
𝒏 𝒏
𝒚 [ 𝒏 ]= ∑ 𝒙 [ 𝒌 ] 𝒉 [ 𝒏− 𝒌 ] =¿ ∑ 𝟐 ¿ 𝒌

𝒌=− ∞ 𝒌=− ∞

Let l = -k

∑( )
−𝒏 ∞
𝟏 𝒍
𝒚 [ 𝒏 ] = ∑ 𝟐 =¿ −𝒍
¿
𝒍= ∞ 𝒍=−𝒏 𝟐

Let m = l+ n

() ∑( )( ) ()
∞ 𝒎− 𝒏 ∞ 𝒎 −𝒏 ∞
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏𝒎
𝒚 [ 𝒏 ]= ∑ =¿ =𝟐 𝒏 ∑ =¿ 𝟐𝒏 . 𝟐=𝟐𝒏+𝟏 ¿ ¿
𝒎= 𝟎 𝟐 𝒎=𝟎 𝟐 𝟐 𝒎= 𝟎 𝟐
 𝒚 [ 𝒏]

𝟏
1
2
1
1 4
….. 8 …..
−𝟑
−𝟐−𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟑 𝒏
 3.Consider an LTI system with impulse response and given
by
,
𝒉 [ 𝒏 ] =𝒖[𝒏]
Compute and plot the convolution

Solution
∞
𝒚 [ 𝒏 ]= ∑ 𝒙 [ 𝒌 ] 𝒉 [ 𝒏− 𝒌 ]
𝒌=− ∞

𝒉 [𝒌]
𝒉 [ −𝒌 ]

….. ….. 𝟏
….. …..
−𝟐−𝟏 𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟒
−𝟑 𝒌
−𝟐−𝟏 𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟒
−𝟑 𝒌
 𝒌
( 𝒊 ) 𝒏 ≥𝟎 𝒙 [ 𝒌 ] =𝒂 𝒖[𝒌]
𝒉 [ 𝒏−𝒌 ] =𝒉[− ( 𝒌 −𝒏 ) ]
𝟏

….. 𝟏 ….. ….. …..

−𝟐−𝟏 𝟎𝟏𝟐𝒏
−𝟑 𝒌 −𝟏 𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟑
−𝟐 𝒌
( 𝒊𝒊 ) 𝒏 <𝟎
∞
𝒉 [ −(𝒌+𝒏) ]
𝒚 [ 𝒏 ]= ∑ 𝒙 [ 𝒌 ] 𝒉 [ 𝒏− 𝒌 ]
𝒌=− ∞

𝟏
{
𝒌
….. ….. 𝒙 [ 𝒌 ] 𝒉 [ 𝒏− 𝒌 ] = 𝒂 , 𝟎 ≤ 𝒌 ≤ 𝒏
𝒏−𝟏 𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟒 𝒌 𝟎 , 𝒐𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒘𝒊𝒔𝒆
Thus for
𝒏 𝒏+𝟏
𝟏−𝒂
𝒚 [ 𝒏 ]= ∑ 𝒂 =
𝒌
𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒂≠ 𝟏𝟎<|𝒂|<𝟏
𝒌=𝟎 𝟏− 𝒂
Problem 4

{
𝒙 [ 𝒏 ] = 𝟏 ,𝟎 ≤ 𝒏 ≤𝟒
{ 𝜶> 𝟏
𝒏
𝒉 [ 𝒏 ] = 𝜶 , 𝟎 ≤𝒏 ≤𝟔
𝟎 , 𝒐𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒘𝒊𝒔𝒆 𝟎 , 𝒐𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒘𝒊𝒔𝒆

Solution
∞
𝒚 [ 𝒏 ]= ∑ 𝒙 [ 𝒌 ] 𝒉 [ 𝒏− 𝒌 ]
𝒌=− ∞ 𝒚 [ 𝒏 ] 𝒍𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒕𝒔

𝒙 [ 𝒌]= { 𝟏 ,𝟎 ≤ 𝒌 ≤ 𝟒
𝟎 , 𝒐𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒘𝒊𝒔𝒆
𝒚 [ 𝒏 ] ; 𝟎 ≤ 𝒏≤ 𝟏𝟎
𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒂𝒍 𝟏:𝒏<𝟎 𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒂𝒍 𝟒:𝟔<𝒏≤ 𝟏𝟎

{ 𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒂𝒍 𝟐:𝟎≤ 𝒏 ≤𝟒 𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒂𝒍 𝟓:𝒏>𝟏𝟎

𝒌
𝒉 [ 𝒌 ] = 𝜶 ,𝟎 ≤ 𝒌 ≤ 𝟔
𝟎 , 𝒐𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒘𝒊𝒔𝒆 𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒂𝒍 𝟑:𝟒<𝒏≤ 𝟔
 𝒙 [ 𝒌] 𝒉 [𝒌]
𝟔
𝜶
𝟓
𝜶
𝟒
𝟏 𝜶
𝟑
….. ….. 𝟐𝜶
𝟏𝜶
−𝟐−𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟑 𝒌 ….. 𝜶 𝟎𝜶 …..
𝒌𝟐𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟒𝟓𝟔−𝟕
𝒉 [ −𝒌 ]
𝟔
𝜶 𝟓
𝜶 𝟒 ∞
𝜶 𝟑
𝜶 𝟐
𝜶 𝟏
𝒚 [ 𝒏 ]= ∑ 𝒙 [ 𝒌 ] 𝒉 [ 𝒏− 𝒌 ]
𝒌=− ∞
𝜶 𝜶 𝟎 …..
….. ∞
−𝟕 −𝟔
−𝟓 −𝟐−𝟏 𝟎𝟏𝟐𝒌
−𝟒−𝟑 ¿ ∑ 𝒙 [ 𝒌 ] 𝒉 [ −(𝒌 −𝒏) ]
𝒌=− ∞
Interval 1𝒏 <𝟎 𝒉 [ −𝒌 ]
𝟔
𝜶 𝟓
𝒙 [ 𝒌] 𝜶 𝟒
𝜶 𝟑
𝜶 𝟐
𝜶 𝟏
𝟏 𝜶 𝜶 𝟎 …..
….. ….. …..
−𝟐−𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟑 𝒌 −𝟕 −𝟔
−𝟓 −𝟐−𝟏 𝟎𝟏𝟐𝒌
−𝟒−𝟑

𝒉 [ 𝒏−𝒌 ] = 𝐡 [− ( 𝐤 − 𝐧 ) ] 𝒙 [𝒌]𝒉 [ 𝒏−𝒌 ]

𝟔
𝜶 𝟓
𝜶 𝟒
𝜶 𝟑 𝐧 =−𝟏 𝒚 [ 𝒏 ] =𝟎 , 𝒏<𝟎
𝜶 𝟐
𝜶 𝟏
𝜶 𝜶 𝟎 ….. …..
….. …..
−𝟔
−𝟕 −𝟓 −𝟐−𝟏 𝟎𝟏𝒌
−𝟒−𝟑 𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟒𝟓𝟔 𝒌
 𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒂𝒍 𝟐:𝟎≤ 𝒏 ≤𝟒 𝒉 [ −𝒌 ] 𝒉 [ 𝒏−𝒌 ]
𝟔 𝟔
𝜶 𝟓 𝜶 𝟓
𝒙 [ 𝒌] 𝜶 𝟒 𝜶 𝟒
𝜶 𝟑 𝜶 𝟑 𝒏=𝟒
𝜶 𝟐 𝜶 𝟐
𝜶 𝟏 𝜶 𝟏
𝟏 𝜶 𝜶 𝟎 ….. 𝜶 𝜶 𝟎 …..
….. ….. ….. …..
−𝟐−𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟒 𝒌 −𝟕 −𝟔
−𝟓 −𝟐−𝟏 𝟎𝟏𝟐𝒌 −𝟑
−𝟒−𝟑 −𝟏0𝟏𝟐𝟑 𝟒𝟓𝟔𝒌
−𝟐

𝒙 [𝒌]𝒉 [ 𝒏−𝒌 ] 𝒚 [ 𝒏 ] =𝜶
𝒏 −𝒌
; 𝟎≤ 𝒌≤ 𝒏
𝒏

𝜶
𝟒 𝒚 [ 𝒏 ] = ∑ 𝜶 𝒏−𝒌
𝟑
𝜶 𝟐 𝒌=𝟎
𝜶 𝟏
…..
𝜶 𝜶 𝟎 ….. 𝑳𝒆𝒕 𝒓=𝒏 −𝒌
𝟎 𝒏 𝒏+𝟏
𝟏−𝜶
−𝟑 −𝟏0𝟏𝟐𝟑 𝟒𝟓𝟔𝒌
−𝟐 𝒚 [ 𝒏 ]= ∑ 𝜶 = ∑ 𝜶 =
𝒓 𝒓

𝒓 =𝒏 𝒓 =𝟎 𝟏− 𝜶
𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒂𝒍 𝟑:𝟒<𝒏≤ 𝟔 𝒉 [ 𝒏−𝒌 ]
𝟔
𝜶 𝟓
𝒙 [ 𝒌] 𝜶 𝟒 𝒏=𝟔
𝜶 𝟑
𝜶 𝟐
𝜶 𝟏
𝟏 𝜶 𝜶 𝟎 …..
….. ….. …..
−𝟐−𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟑4 𝒌 −𝟏 𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟒𝟓𝟔𝟕 𝒌
𝒏 −𝒌
𝒚 [ 𝒏 ] =𝜶 ; 𝟎≤ 𝒌≤ 𝟒
𝒙 [𝒌]𝒉 [ 𝒏−𝒌 ] 𝟒 𝟒
𝒚 [ 𝒏 ]= ∑ 𝜶 ∑𝜶
𝟔
𝜶 𝟓 𝒏−𝒌
=𝜶 𝒏 −𝒌
𝜶 𝟒
𝜶 𝟑 𝒌=𝟎 𝒌=𝟎
𝜶 𝟐
𝜶 𝟒

∑(
𝟏−
𝟏 𝟒 +𝟏
( )
) 𝜶
𝒌
….. ….. 𝒏 𝟏 𝒏
¿𝜶 =𝜶
−𝟏 𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟒𝟓𝟔𝟕 𝒌 𝒌= 𝟎 𝜶
𝟏−
𝟏
𝜶 ( )
𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒂𝒍 𝟒:𝟔<𝒏≤ 𝟏𝟎 𝒉 [ 𝒏−𝒌 ]
𝟔
𝜶 𝟓
𝒙 [ 𝒌] 𝜶 𝟒 𝒏=𝟏𝟎
𝜶 𝟑
𝜶 𝟐
𝜶 𝟏
….. 𝜶 𝜶 𝟎 …..
….. 𝟏 …..
−𝟐−𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟑4 𝒌 𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟒𝟓𝟔𝟕𝟖𝟗𝟏𝟎
𝟏𝟏 𝒌
𝒙 [𝒌]𝒉 [ 𝒏−𝒌 ] 𝒏 −𝒌
𝟔
𝒚 [ 𝒏 ] =𝜶 ; 𝒏 −𝟔 ≤ 𝒌 ≤ 𝟒
𝜶 𝟒
𝒚 [ 𝒏 ]= ∑ 𝜶 𝒏−𝒌
𝒌=𝒏−𝟔

….. ….. 𝑳𝒆𝒕 𝒓=𝒌− 𝒏+𝟔

( )
𝟏𝟎 −𝒏+ 𝟏
𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟒𝟓𝟔 𝒌 𝟏𝟎− 𝒏 𝟏𝟎 −𝒏 𝟏𝟎 −𝒏 𝟏−
𝟏

( ) =𝜶
𝒓
𝟏 𝜶
𝒚 [ 𝒏 ]= ∑ 𝟔 −𝒓
𝜶 =𝜶
𝟔
∑ 𝜶
−𝒓
=𝜶
𝟔
∑ 𝟔

𝟏 −( )
𝒓 =𝟎 𝒌=𝟎 𝒌=𝟎 𝜶 𝟏
𝜶
𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒂𝒍 𝟓:𝒏>𝟏𝟎 𝒉 [ 𝒏−𝒌 ]
𝟔
𝜶 𝟓
𝒙 [ 𝒌] 𝜶 𝟒 𝒏=𝟏𝟏
𝜶 𝟑
𝜶 𝟐
𝜶 𝟏
….. 𝜶 𝜶 𝟎 …..
….. 𝟏 …..
−𝟐−𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟑 𝒏 𝟎𝟏𝟐 𝟑𝟒𝟓𝟔𝟕𝟖𝟗𝟏𝟎 11 𝟏𝟐 𝒌

𝒙 [𝒌]𝒉 [ 𝒏−𝒌 ]
𝒚 [ 𝒏 ] =𝟎 , 𝒏>𝟏𝟎

….. …..
𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟒𝟓𝟔 𝒌
 {
𝟎 , 𝒏< 𝟎
𝒏 +𝟏
𝟏− 𝜶
, 𝟎 ≤𝒏 ≤ 𝟒
𝟏− 𝜶
𝒏− 𝟒 𝒏 +𝟏
𝒚 [ 𝒏 ]= 𝜶 − 𝜶
, 𝟒<𝒏 ≤ 𝟔
𝟏−𝜶
𝜶 𝒏 −𝟒 − 𝜶 𝟕
,𝟔 <𝒏 ≤ 𝟏𝟎
𝟏−𝜶
𝟎 ,𝒏 >𝟏𝟎
Continuous-time systems

Convolution integral or Superposition integral

∞
𝒚 ( 𝒕 ) =∫ 𝒙 ( 𝝉 ) 𝒉 ( 𝒕 −𝝉 ) 𝒅𝝉
−∞

Problem 1

𝒙 ( 𝒕 )= { 𝟏,𝟎≤𝒕 ≤𝟏
𝟎 , 𝒐𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒘𝒊𝒔𝒆

𝒉 ( 𝒕 )= 𝒙 ( )
𝒕
𝜶
𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞 𝟎< 𝜶 ≤ 𝟏

Determine and sketch

Solution
∞
𝒚 (𝒕)𝒍𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒕𝒔
𝒚 ( 𝒕 ) =∫ 𝒙 ( 𝝉 ) 𝒉 ( 𝒕 −𝝉 ) 𝒅𝝉
;
−∞

𝒙 (𝝉)={ 𝟏,𝟎≤𝝉≤𝟏
𝟎 , 𝒐𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒘𝒊𝒔𝒆 𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒂𝒍 𝟏:𝒕 <𝟎 𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒂𝒍 𝟒 :𝟏<𝒕 ≤(𝟏+𝜶
𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒂𝒍 𝟐:𝟎≤ 𝒕 ≤ 𝜶 𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒂𝒍 𝟓 :𝒕 >(𝟏+𝜶)
𝒉(𝝉 )={ 𝟏 , 𝟎 ≤ 𝝉 ≤ 𝜶
𝟎 , 𝒐𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒘𝒊𝒔𝒆 𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒂𝒍 𝟑: 𝜶<𝒕 ≤ 𝟏

𝒙 (𝝉) 𝒉(𝝉 ) 𝒉(− 𝝉)

𝒕<𝟎
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝟎 𝟏 𝝉 𝟎𝜶 𝝉 − 𝜶𝟎 𝝉
𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒂𝒍 𝟏:𝒕 <𝟎
𝒙 (𝝉) 𝒉(− 𝝉) 𝒉(𝒕 −𝝉 )

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝒕<𝟎

𝟎 𝟏 𝝉 − 𝜶𝟎 𝝉 −𝒕− 𝜶− 𝒕 𝝉

𝒙 ( 𝝉 ) 𝒉 ( 𝒕 −𝝉 ) =𝟎
𝒚 ( 𝒕 ) =𝟎 ; 𝒕 <𝟎
𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒂𝒍 𝟐:𝟎≤ 𝒕 ≤ 𝜶
𝒙 (𝝉) 𝒉(− 𝝉) 𝒉(𝒕 −𝝉 )

𝟏 𝒕>𝟎
𝟏 𝟏
𝟎 𝟏 𝝉 − 𝜶𝟎 𝝉 − 𝜶 +𝒕 𝒕 𝝉

𝑳𝒆𝒕 𝜶=𝟎.𝟓;t=0.5
𝒕
𝒉(𝒕 −𝝉 ) 𝒙 (𝝉)𝒉(𝒕 −𝝉 ) 𝒚 ( 𝒕 ) =∫ 𝟏𝒅 𝝉
𝟎
𝟏
𝟏
𝒚 ( 𝒕 ) =𝒕 ; 𝟎 ≤ 𝒕 ≤ 𝜶
𝝉
𝟎𝒕=𝟎 . 𝟓 𝟎 𝒕 𝝉
𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒂𝒍 𝟑: 𝜶<𝒕 ≤ 𝟏
𝒙 (𝝉) 𝒉(− 𝝉) 𝒉(𝒕 −𝝉 )

𝟏 𝒕>𝟎
𝟏 𝟏
𝟎 𝟏 𝝉 − 𝜶𝟎 𝝉 − 𝜶 +𝒕 𝒕 𝝉

𝑳𝒆𝒕 𝜶=𝟎.𝟓;t=0.75
𝒕
𝒉(𝒕 −𝝉 ) 𝒙 (𝝉)𝒉(𝒕 −𝝉 ) 𝒚 (𝒕)= ∫ 𝟏𝒅 𝝉
−𝜶 +𝒕

𝟏 𝟏 𝒚 ( 𝒕 ) =𝜶 ; 𝜶 ≤ 𝒕 ≤ 𝟏
𝟎
𝝉 𝝉
𝟎
− 𝜶+𝒕=𝟎 . 𝟐𝟓 𝒕=𝟎 . 𝟕𝟓 − 𝜶 +𝒕 𝒕
𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒂𝒍 𝟒 :𝟏<𝒕 ≤(𝟏+𝜶 )
𝒙 (𝝉) 𝒉(− 𝝉) 𝒉(𝒕 −𝝉 )

𝟏 𝒕>𝟎
𝟏 𝟏
𝟎 𝟏 𝝉 − 𝜶𝟎 𝝉 − 𝜶 +𝒕 𝒕 𝝉

𝑳𝒆𝒕 𝜶=𝟎.𝟓;t=1.5
𝟏
𝒉(𝒕 −𝝉 ) 𝒙 (𝝉)𝒉(𝒕 −𝝉 ) 𝒚 (𝒕)= ∫ 𝟏𝒅 𝝉
−𝜶 +𝒕

𝟏 𝟏 )
𝟎
𝝉 𝝉
𝟎
− 𝜶 +𝒕=𝟏 𝒕=𝟏 .𝟓 − 𝜶 +𝒕 𝟏
𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒂𝒍 𝟓 :𝒕 >(𝟏+𝜶)
𝒙 (𝝉) 𝒉(− 𝝉) 𝒉(𝒕 −𝝉 )

𝟏 𝒕>𝟎
𝟏 𝟏
𝟎 𝟏 𝝉 − 𝜶𝟎 𝝉 − 𝜶 +𝒕 𝒕 𝝉

𝑳𝒆𝒕 𝜶=𝟎.𝟓;t=2
𝒉(𝒕 −𝝉 )

{
𝟎;𝒕<𝟎
𝒙 ( 𝝉 ) 𝒉 ( 𝒕 −𝝉 ) =𝟎 𝒕 ;𝟎≤ 𝒕 ≤ 𝜶
𝟏 𝒚 (𝒕)= 𝜶 ; 𝜶 < 𝒕 <𝟏
𝝉 𝒚 ( 𝒕 ) =𝟎 ; 𝒕 >(𝟏+ 𝜶) 𝟏+ 𝜶 − 𝒕 ; 𝟏< 𝒕 <(𝟏+ 𝜶)
𝟎 𝟎 ; 𝒕 >(𝟏+ 𝜶)
− 𝜶+𝒕=𝟏 .𝟓 𝒕 =𝟐
Problem 2

{
𝒙 (𝒕 )= 𝟏,𝟎≤𝒕 ≤𝑻
𝟎 , 𝒐𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒘𝒊𝒔𝒆

𝒉(𝒕 )={ 𝒕 ,𝟎 ≤ 𝒕 ≤ 𝟐 𝑻
𝟎 , 𝒐𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒘𝒊𝒔𝒆
Determine and sketch

Solution
∞
𝒚 (𝒕)𝒍𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒕𝒔
𝒚 ( 𝒕 ) =∫ 𝒙 ( 𝝉 ) 𝒉 ( 𝒕 −𝝉 ) 𝒅𝝉
−∞ 𝒚 (𝒕);𝟎 ≤ 𝒕 ≤ 𝟑 𝑻
𝒙 (𝝉)={ 𝟏 , 𝟎≤ 𝝉 ≤ 𝑻
𝟎 , 𝒐𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒘𝒊𝒔𝒆 𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒂𝒍 𝟏:𝒕 <𝟎 𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒂𝒍 𝟒:𝟐𝑻 <𝒕 ≤𝟑𝑻
𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒂𝒍 𝟐:𝟎≤ 𝒕 ≤ 𝑻 𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒂𝒍 𝟓:𝒕 >𝟑𝑻
𝒉(𝝉 )={ 𝒕 , 𝟎 ≤ 𝝉 ≤ 𝟐 𝑻
𝟎 , 𝒐𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒘𝒊𝒔𝒆 𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒂𝒍 𝟑:𝑻 <𝒕 ≤ 𝟐𝑻
 𝒉(𝝉 ) 𝒉(− 𝝉)
𝟐𝑻

𝟎 𝟐𝑻 𝝉 −𝟐𝑻 𝟎 𝝉
𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒂𝒍 𝟏:𝒕 <𝟎 𝒕>𝟎
𝒙 (𝝉) 𝒉(t −𝝉) 𝒉(t −𝝉)

𝟏
𝟎 𝑻 𝝉 −𝟐𝑻 −𝒕 −𝒕 𝝉 −𝟐 𝑻 +𝒕 𝒕𝝉

𝒙 ( 𝝉 ) 𝒉 ( 𝒕 −𝝉 ) =𝟎
𝒚 ( 𝒕 ) =𝟎 ; 𝒕 <𝟎
𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒂𝒍 𝟐:𝟎≤ 𝒕 ≤ 𝑻
𝑳𝒆𝒕 𝑻 =𝟏;t=0.5
𝒙 (𝝉) 𝒉(t −𝝉) 𝒉(t −𝝉) 𝒉(t −𝝉)
𝒕>𝟎 𝟐 𝟐𝑻
𝟏 𝟎.𝟓 𝒕

𝟎 𝑻 𝝉 −𝟐 𝑻 +𝒕 𝒕 𝝉 −𝟏 . 𝟓𝟎𝟎 . 𝟓𝝉 −𝟐 𝑻 +𝒕𝟎 𝒕 𝝉

𝒕
𝒕
𝒙 (𝝉)𝒉(t − 𝝉) 𝒚 ( 𝒕 ) =∫ 𝒙 (𝝉)𝒉(t − 𝝉) 𝒅 𝝉= 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆
𝟎 𝟎 𝒕
𝒕
𝟐
𝒕
𝒚 (𝒕)= ; 𝟎 ≤ 𝒕 ≤𝑻
𝟎 𝒕𝝉 𝟐
𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒂𝒍 𝟑:𝑻 <𝒕 ≤ 𝟐𝑻
𝑳𝒆𝒕 𝑻 =𝟏;t=1.5
𝒙 (𝝉) 𝒉(t −𝝉) 𝒉(t −𝝉)
𝟐𝒕
𝟏
𝟎 𝑻 𝝉 −𝟐 𝑻 +𝒕 𝒕𝝉 𝟎 𝟏.𝟓 𝝉
−𝟎 . 𝟓
𝑻

𝒙 (𝝉)𝒉(t − 𝝉) 𝒚 ( 𝒕 ) =∫ 𝒙 (𝝉)𝒉(t − 𝝉) 𝒅 𝝉= 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒐𝒇 𝟏+ 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒐𝒇 𝟐

𝟎
𝟐
𝒕 ¿
𝑻
+( 𝐭 − 𝐓 )( 𝐓 )
𝒕 −𝑻𝟏
𝟐 𝟐
𝟎𝑻 𝝉 𝑻 𝟐
𝒚 ( 𝒕 ) =− +𝒕𝑻 ; 𝑻 ≤𝒕 ≤ 𝟐 𝑻
𝟐
𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒂𝒍 𝟒:𝟐𝑻 <𝒕 ≤𝟑𝑻
𝑳𝒆𝒕 𝑻 =𝟏;t=2.5
𝒙 (𝝉) 𝒉(t −𝝉) 𝒉(t −𝝉)
𝟐
𝟏
𝟎 𝑻 𝝉 −𝟐 𝑻 +𝒕 𝒕𝝉 𝟎 . 𝟓 𝟐 . 𝟓𝝉
𝑻
𝒚 ( 𝒕 ) =∫ 𝒙 (𝝉)𝒉(t − 𝝉) 𝒅 𝝉= 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒐𝒇 𝟏+ 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒐𝒇 𝟐
𝒙 (𝝉)𝒉(t − 𝝉) 𝟎
𝟏
𝟐𝑻 ¿ ( 𝟑 𝑻 − 𝒕 ) 𝟐+( 𝐭 − 𝐓 )(𝟑 𝐓 − 𝐭 )
𝒕 −𝑻 𝟏 𝟐
𝟐
−𝟐 𝑻 +𝒕 𝑻 𝒕 𝝉
𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒂𝒍 𝟓:𝒕 >𝟑𝑻 𝑳𝒆𝒕 𝑻 =𝟏;t=3.5

𝒙 (𝝉) 𝒉(t −𝝉) 𝒉(t −𝝉)

𝟏
𝟎 𝑻 𝝉 −𝟐 𝑻 +𝒕 𝒕𝝉 𝟏.𝟓 𝟑 . 𝟓𝝉

{
𝟎 ; 𝒕 <𝟎
𝟏 𝟐
𝒙 ( 𝝉 ) 𝒉 ( 𝒕 −𝝉 ) =𝟎 𝟐
𝒕 ; 𝟎 ≤ 𝒕 ≤𝑻
𝟏 𝟐
𝒚 (𝒕)= 𝒕𝑻 − 𝑻 ; 𝑻 <𝒕 <𝟐 𝑻
𝒚 ( 𝒕 ) =𝟎 ;𝒕>𝟑 𝑻 𝟐
𝟏 𝟑
− 𝒕 𝟐+ 𝒕𝑻 + 𝑻 𝟐 ; 𝟐 𝑻 <𝒕 <𝟑 𝑻
𝟐 𝟐
𝟎 ; 𝒕 >𝟑 𝑻