Database Systems
(3rd Semester-2023 Scheme)
23CSE304
B.Tech (CSE)
Module 1.1
Databases and Database Users
References: Fundamentals of Database Systems, RamezElmasri and Shamkant B.
Navathe. 7th Edition, 2017, Pearson
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Introduction to Databases : Characteristics of database approach,
Advantages of using the DBMS approach,
Actors on the scene and
Workers behind the scene,
History of database applications.
Database systems Concepts and Architecture: Data Models, Schemas, and
Instance s.
Three schema architecture and data independence,
database. Languages,and interfaces,
The Database System environment. Conceptual Data Modeling using Entities
and Relationships:
Entity types,Entitysets, attributes,roles,and structural constraints
,Weak entity types,
ER diagrams,
examples
Data Mining: Concepts and
September 4, 2025 Techniques 2
OUTLINE
Databases and Database Users
Introduction
Characteristics of the Database Approach
Actors on the scene
Workers behind the scene
Advantages of Using the DBMS Approach
A Brief History of Database Applications
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WHAT IS A DBMS?
• Collection of interrelated data – manual or computerized
or online
• Set of programs to access the data
• DBMS provides an environment that is both convenient
and efficient to use.
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INTRODUCTION
Data:
Known facts that can be recorded and have an implicit meaning.
Database:
A collection of related data.
Mini-world:
Some part of the real world about which data is stored in a
database. For example, student grades at a university.
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INTRODUCTION
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INTRODUCTION
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INTRODUCTION
University Database
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INTRODUCTION
Database Management System (DBMS):
A software package/ system to facilitate the creation
and maintenance of a computerized database.
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INTRODUCTION
Different DBMS Software
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INTRODUCTION
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INTRODUCTION
Mini-world for the example:
Part of a UNIVERSITY environment.
Some mini-world entities:
STUDENTs
COURSEs
SECTIONs (of COURSEs)
(academic) DEPARTMENTs
INSTRUCTORs
Some mini-world relationships:
SECTIONs are of specific COURSEs
STUDENTs take SECTIONs
COURSEs have prerequisite COURSEs
INSTRUCTORs teach SECTIONs
COURSEs are offered by DEPARTMENTs
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STUDENTs major in DEPARTMENTs
INTRODUCTION
EXAMPLE OF A SIMPLIFIED DATABASE
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FILE SYSTEMS V/S DBMS
DBMS organizes data in a table with defined
relationships between them,while file system
organizes in files and folders
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APPLICATIONS AREAS OF DBMS?
Banking: all transactions
Airlines: reservations, schedules
Universities: registration, grades
Sales: customers, products, purchases
Manufacturing: production, inventory, orders, supply chain
Human resources: employee records, salaries, tax
deductions
Databases touch all aspects of our 15
lives
Why do we use DBMS
• To avoid data redundancy and inconsistency
Multiple file formats, duplication of information in
different files
• To avoid difficulty in accessing data
Need to write a new program to carry out each
new task
• To deal with data isolation — multiple files and formats
• To deal with integrity problems
Integrity constraints (e.g. account balance > 0)
become part of program code
Easy to add new constraints or change existing
ones
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Why do we use DBMS (contd..)
1. Atomicity of updates
• Failures may leave database in an inconsistent state with partial
updates carried out
• E.g. transfer of funds from one account to another should either
complete or not happen at all
2. Concurrent access by multiple users
• Concurrent accessed needed for performance
• Uncontrolled concurrent accesses can lead to inconsistencies
o E.g. two people reading a balance and updating it at the same
time
3. Security problems
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APPROACH
(VERSUS FILE PROCESSING APPROACH)
Self-describing nature of a database system:
A DBMS catalog stores the description of a particular
database (e.g. data structures, types, and constraints)
The description is called meta-data.
This allows the DBMS software to work with different
database applications.
Insulation between programs and data and Data
Abstraction:
Structure of the data files is stored in the DBMS catalog
separately from the access programs, this property is
also Called as program-data independence.
The characteristic that allows program-data
independence and program-operation independence
is called data abstraction. A DBMS provides users
with a conceptual representation of data that 18
does not include many of the details of how the data
is stored or how the operations are implemented
APPROACH
(VERSUS FILE PROCESSING APPROACH)
Database Catalog
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APPROACH
(VERSUS FILE PROCESSING APPROACH)
Support of multiple views of the data:
Each user may see a different view of the database,
which describes only the data of interest to that user.
Sharing of data and multi-user transaction
processing:
Allowing a set of concurrent users to retrieve from
and to update the database.
Concurrency control within the DBMS guarantees that
each transaction is correctly executed or aborted
Recovery subsystem ensures each completed
transaction has its effect permanently recorded in the
database
OLTP (Online Transaction Processing) is a major part
of database applications. This allows hundreds of
concurrent transactions to execute per second.
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ACTORS ON THE SCENE
Database administrators:
Responsible for authorizing access to the
database, for coordinating and monitoring
its use, acquiring software and hardware
resources, controlling its use and
monitoring efficiency of operations.
Database Designers:
Responsible to define the content, the
structure, the constraints, and functions or
transactions against the database. They
must communicate with the end-users and
understand their needs.
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ACTORS ON THE SCENE
End-users: They use the data for queries, reports and
some of them update the database content. End-users can
be categorized into:
Casual: access database occasionally when needed
Naive or Parametric: they make up a large section of the end-
user population.
They use previously well-defined functions in the form of “canned
transactions” against the database.
Examples are bank-tellers or reservation clerks who do this activity for
an entire shift of operations.
Sophisticated:
These include business analysts, scientists, engineers, others
thoroughly familiar with the system capabilities.
Many use tools in the form of software packages that work closely with
the stored database.
Stand-alone:
Mostly maintain personal databases using ready-to-use packaged
applications. 22
An example is a tax program user that creates its own internal
database.
WORKERS BEHIND THE SCENE
In addition to those who design, use, and administer a
database, others are associated with the design,
development, and operation of the DBMS software and
system environment.
DBMS system designers and implementers
design and implement the DBMS modules and
interfaces as a software package.
Tool developers design and implement tools—the
software packages that facilitate database modeling
and design, database system design, and improved
performance.
Operators and maintenance personnel (system
administration personnel) are responsible for the 23
actual running and maintenance of the hardware and
software environment for the database system.
ADVANTAGES OF USING THE DATABASE APPROACH
Controlling redundancy.
This redundancy in storing the same data multiple times
leads to several problems.
First, there is the need to perform a single logical update—
such as entering data on a new student—multiple times: once
for each file where student data is recorded. This leads to
duplication of effort.
Second, storage space is wasted when the same
data is stored repeatedly, and this problem may be serious for
large databases.
Third, files that represent the same data may become
inconsistent
Data normalization technique in DBMS ensures
consistency and saves storage space
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ADVANTAGES OF USING THE DATABASE APPROACH
Restricting unauthorized access to data.
When multiple users share a large database, it is likely that
most users will not be authorized to access all information
in the database. For example, financial data such as
salaries and bonuses is often considered confidential, and
only authorized persons are allowed to access such data.
DBMS should provide a security and authorization
subsystem
Providing persistent storage for program
Objects
Databases can be used to provide persistent storage for
program objects and data structures. This is one of the
main reasons for object-oriented database systems
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ADVANTAGES OF USING THE DATABASE APPROACH
Providing Storage Structures and Search
Techniques for Efficient Quercy Processing
Database systems must provide capabilities for efficiently
executing queries and updates. Because the database is
typically stored on disk, the DBMS must provide
specialized data structures and search techniques to
speed up disk search for the desired records. Auxiliary files
called indexes are often used for this purpose.
Providing Backup and Recovery
A DBMS must provide facilities for recovering from
hardware or software failures. The backup and recovery
subsystem of the DBMS is responsible for recovery.
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ADVANTAGES OF USING THE DATABASE APPROACH
Providing Multiple User Interfaces
Because many types of users with varying levels of
technical knowledge use a database, a DBMS
should provide a variety of user interfaces. These
include apps for mobile users, query languages for
casual users, programming language interfaces for
application programmers, forms and command
codes for parametric users.
Representing Complex Relationships among
Data
A database may include numerous varieties of
data that are interrelated in many ways. A DBMS
must have the capability to represent a variety of
complex relationships among the data, to define 27
new relationships as they arise, and to retrieve
and update related data easily and efficiently.
ADVANTAGES OF USING THE DATABASE APPROACH
Enforcing Integrity Constraints
Most database applications have certain integrity
constraints that must hold for the data. A DBMS
should provide capabilities for defining and enforcing
these constraints. The simplest type of integrity
constraint involves specifying a data type for each
data item.
Permitting Inferencing and Actions Using
Rules and Triggers
Some database systems provide capabilities for
defining deduction rules for inferencing new
information from the stored database facts. Such
systems are called deductive database systems.
For example, there may be complex rules in the
miniworld application for determining when a student 28
is on probation. These can be specified declaratively
as rules, which when compiled and maintained by
HISTORY OF DATABASE SYSTEMS
Early Database Applications Using
Hierarchical and Network Systems:
Many early database applications maintained records in large
organizations, such as corporations, universities, hospitals,
and banks. In many of these applications, there were large
numbers of records of similar structure. One of the main
problems with early database systems was the intermixing of
conceptual relationships with the physical storage and
placement of records on disk. Another shortcoming of early
systems was that they provided only programming language.
Providing Application Flexibility with
Relational Databases :
Relational databases were originally proposed to
separate the physical storage of data from its
conceptual representation and to provide a
mathematical foundation for databases. The relational
data model also introduced high-level query languages 29
that provided an alternative to programming language
interfaces
HISTORY OF DATABASE SYSTEMS
Object-Oriented Applications and the
Need for More Complex Databases :
The emergence of object-oriented programming
languages in the 1980s and the need to store and
share complex-structured objects led to the
development of object-oriented databases. Initially,
they were considered a competitor to relational
databases, since they provided more general data
structures.
Interchanging Data on the Web for E-
Commerce :
The World Wide Web provided a large network of
interconnected computers. Users can create
documents using a Web publishing language, such as
HTML (HyperText Markup Language), and store these 30
documents on Web servers where other users
(clients) can access them.
HISTORY OF DATABASE SYSTEMS
Extending Database Capabilities for New
Applications
The success of database systems in traditional
applications encouraged developers of other types of
applications to attempt to use them. Such applications
traditionally used their own specialized software and
file and data structures.
Storage and retrieval of images, including scanned news
or personal photographs, satellite photographic images,
and images from medical procedures such as x-rays and
MRI
Storage and retrieval of Videos uch as movies, and video
clips from news or personal digital cameras
Data Mining Applications
Spataial Mining applications that store and analyze
spatial locations of data,
Time series Applicationsdata 31
Emergence of Big Data Storage Systems
SUMMARY
Definitions of Different Terminologies
Characteristics and Advantages of Database
Systems over Traditional File Systems
People on the scene and behind the scene
History of Database Systems
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