Database systems

Lecture 01
Database Systems
Reference Books
Reference Books:

 “Database Systems, Concepts, Design and Applications” by

S.K.Singh, Pearson Education.
 “Database Management Systems” by Raghu Ramakrishnan,
Johannes Gehrke, McGraw Hill Publication.
 “Fundamentals of Database Systems” by Elmsari, Navathe, 5th
Edition, Pearson Education (2008).
What is a Database?
“A set of information held in a computer”
Oxford English Dictionary
“One or more large structured sets of persistent data,
usually associated with software to update and query the
data”
Free On-Line Dictionary of Computing
“A collection of data arranged for ease and speed of search
and retrieval”
Dictionary.com
Why Study Databases?
Databases in
areCSuseful
 Databases
Many computing
are a ‘core
applications
topic’ in deal
computer
with large
science
amounts of
 information
Basic concepts and skills with database systems are part of
 the
Database
skill set
systems
you willgive
be aassumed
set of tools
to have
for storing,
as a CS searching
graduate
and managing this information
Databases
Train
Web indexes
timetables
Airline
Library bookings
catalogues
Credit
Medical card
records
details
Student
Bank accounts
records
Customer
Stock control
histories
Stock
Personnel
market
systems
prices
Discussion
Product catalogues
boards
and
Telephone
so on…directories
Data and Information
Data:

Information: data processed
stored representations of meaningfulto increase
objects and events or
Referred to facts concerning objects and events that could be
knowledge in the person using
recorded and stored on computer media
the data
Structured: numbers, text, dates
Unstructured: images, video, documents
Information
Consider a data in table below

Information is that Ahmed and Tariq are 22 years old.

Database Systems
Database
A databasesystems
systemallow
consists
users
of to
 Store
Data (the database)
 Update
Software
 Retrieve
Hardware
 Organise
Users
 Protect
We focus mainly on the software
their data.
Database Users
End
Database
users Administrator (DBA)
 Use the database
Designs & managessystem
thetodatabase
achieve some goal
system

Application developers
Database systems programmer
 Write software to allow end users to interface with the
Writes the database software itself
database system
Database Management Systems
Examples:
A database is a collection of information

AOracle
database
 DB2 (IBM)
management system (DBMS) is the
software than
 MS SQL Server controls that information
 MS Access
 Ingres
 PostgreSQL
 MySQL
What the DBMS does
DBMS
 Provides users with
provides
 Persistence
 Data definition language (DDL)
 Concurrency
 Data manipulation language (DML)
Integrity
 Data control language (DCL)
Security

 Data independence
Often these are all the same language
Data Dictionary
 Describes the database itself
Data Dictionary - Metadata
The dictionary holds
or catalog stores information about
the database itself
 Descriptions of database objects (tables, users, rules,
views,
This indexes,…)
is data about data or ‘metadata’
 Information about who is using which data (locks)
Almost
 Schemas every aspect of the DBMS uses the dictionary
and mappings
Definitions

Metadata: data that describes the properties and context of user data

Metadata is simply a data about data. Metadata contains information about format of
data means what type of data can be stored into the table and what will be source of
data.

14
File Based Systems
Problems:
File based systems
 No standards
Data is stored in files
 Each duplication
Data file has a specific format
 Programs
Data dependence
that use these files depend on knowledge about that format
 No way to generate ad hoc queries
 No provision for security, recovery, concurrency, etc.
File Processing Systems
Library Examination Registration

Library Examination Registration

Applications Applications Applications

Library Examination Registration

Data Data Data
Files Files Files

16
Relational Systems
Then,
Problems
in 1970,
with early databases
E. F. Codd wrote “A Relational Model of Data for Large
Shared Databanks”
 Navigating andrequires
the records introduced theprograms
complex relational model
 There is minimal data independence
 No theoretical foundations
Relational Systems
The
Information
relationalis model
stored as
covers
tuples
3 areas:
or records in relations or tables
 Data structure
There is a sound mathematical theory of relations
 Data integrity
Most
 modern DBMS are based on the relational model
Data manipulation
More details in the next lecture…
 Advantages of Database Approach
Library Examination Registration

Library Examination Registration

Applications Applications Applications

Database
Management
System

- Data Sharing - Data Independence

Controlled Redundancy University - Better Data Integrity
Students
Database
19
ANSI/SPARC Architecture
A
ANSI
three-level
- Americanarchitecture
National Standards Institute
 Internal level: For systems designers
SPARC - Standards Planning and Requirements Committee
 Conceptual level: For database designers and administrators
1975
 - proposed a framework for DBs
External level: For database users
Internal Level
Deals with physical storage of data
 Structure of records on disk - files, pages, blocks
 Indexes and ordering of records
 Used by database system programmers
Conceptual Level
Deals with the organisation of the data as a whole
 Abstractions are used to remove unnecessary details of the internal level
 Used by DBAs and application programmers
External Level
Provides a view of the database tailored to a user
 Parts of the data may be hidden
 Data is presented in a useful form
 Used by end users and application programmers
Mappings
Physical
Mappings data
translate
independence
information from one level to the next
 External/Conceptual
Changes to internal level shouldn’t affect conceptual level
 Conceptual/Internal
Logical data independence
These mappings
 Conceptual levelprovide data independence
changes shouldn’t affect external levels
ANSI/SPARC Architecture
User 1 User 2 User 3

External External
External Schemas
View 1 View 2

External/Conceptual Mappings
Conceptual DBA
Conceptual Schema View

Conceptual/Internal Mapping

Internal Schema Stored

Data
Database
Main Types of Database
1.) Centralized Database
2.) Distributed Database
Centralized Database: It is a type of database which is located on a
single location and different users from different places access this
database from a single location.
There are again two types of Centralized Database
1.) Personal Computer Database
2.) Centralized MULTI-USER Database
Database
Personal Computer Database: It is a type of database which is
installed on only one computer for example a shopkeeper inventory
system on shop uses a personal computer database.
It is a low scope database , because it is dedicated to only one
system.
Central Computer Database: Central computer database is a type in
which there is a central computer (server) on which database is
installed and other systems which are called (client/dumb terminals)
are connected with this Central computer by any network.
Database

Central Computer Database Diagram

Central Computer:
a.) All processing is done by CC.
b.) All load on CC.
c.) CC should be a power ful machine.
Terminals:
a.) Provide only interface.
b.) Not so much powerful systems.
c.) Don’t have load.
Database
Distributed Database: It is a type of a database which is located on
the more then one locations. Different users from different locations
access database with the help of Network.
Database
 Distributed Database: It has again two types.
 Homogenous
 Heterogeneous
 Homogeneous
  H/W
  OS
  DBMS
  Data Model*
  Data flow
 If all these components are same at all nodes then it is known as homogeneous DB.
 Heterogeneous
  H/W
  OS
  DBMS
  Data Model*
  Data flow
 If any of these components differ at different levels then such DB is called heterogeneous DB.
Database
Advantages of Distributed Database:
a.) Provides Load Balancing
b.) Low chances of Data Loss.
c.) Easy Data Sharing
d.) Data consistency
Components of Database Environment
Components of database environment describes those components which are involved with
database could me DB Administrators, System Developers or End users. They are mostly nine in
number. Detail of them are given below.
Main Components
Data and Database System Administrators
System Developers
End Users
CASE Tools
User Interface
Application Programs
Repository
DBMS
Database
Components of Database Environment
Components of Database Environment
 Computer Aided Software Engineering Tools (CASE TOOLS) : Automated tools to design database and application programs. CASE tools
are used for system Requirement analysis and design.
 Repository: Repository contains a broad set of metadata which is important for managing database.
 DBMS: A software which is used to manage the database, this management includes the creation of database upto whole maintenance
of DB. DBMS provides the controlled access to the Database.
 Database: A collection of organized and logically related data which can be shared by multiple users is known as a database.
 Application Programs: Application Programs are those programs which uses database and manipulate the database according to there
purpose. For instance we develop a Library Management system application in .Net and for record storing purpose we use Access DB.
Hence Library Management system is a Application Program.
 Database Administrators: DB Administrator is a one who manages a Database.
 System Developers: System Developers are those who develop Application Programs they use case tools to dug out requirements and
design of a application.
 End Users: Suppose a Database is used into an school organization then end users are those persons who get facilities from the database
and to whom services are been provided.
 What’s Next ………Data Models
Data model is first step in Database design process which describe the logical
structure of database. It tells us how data is connected to each other and how
is stored, Processed. It describes what type of relations will be between data.

ER Data Model

Object oriented Data Model
Network Data Model
Hierarchical Data Model
Thank You