Electronic Analysis & Design-I
EEN 265
Week 3
Instructor- Suman Chowdhury
Electronics -I
Transition and Diffusion capacitance
Diode Testing
Load Line Analysis
Half Wave Rectifier
Full Wave Rectifier
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TRANSITION AND DIFFUSION
CAPACITANCE
In the p-n semiconductor diode, there are 2
capacitive effects to be considered.
Both types of capacitance are present in the
forward- and reverse-bias regions.
In the reverse-bias region we have the
transition- or depletion-region capacitance
(CT), while in the forward-bias region we have
the diffusion (CD) or storage capacitance.
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TRANSITION AND DIFFUSION
CAPACITANCE
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TRANSITION AND DIFFUSION
CAPACITANCE
C
A C Capaci tan ce
d
Permittivity
A Area
d Distance
In case of Diode deplation layer is “d”,
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TRANSITION AND DIFFUSION
CAPACITANCE
In case of Reverse bias condition deplation
layer increases. So, transition capacitance
decreases.
Α
C ( )
d ( )
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Diode TestingUnder forward bias
condition forward
Resistance is relatively
low.
Under reverse bias
condition reverse
Resistance is relatively
high.
So, A high resistance
reading in both directions
obviously indicates an
7 open (defective device)
condition.
Load Line Analysis
The operating point of Diode on I-V
characteristics depends on external load
connected.
Suppose this
diode is
operating at
this point
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Load Line Analysis
If the analysis is performed in a graphical
manner, a line can be drawn on the
characteristics of the device that
represents the applied load.
The intersection of the load line with the
characteristics will determine the point of
operation of the system. Such an analysis
is, for obvious reasons, called load-line
analysis.
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Load Line Analysis
By applying Kirchhoff’s
voltage law to the series
circuit-
E VD I D R
The two variables of (VD and
ID) are the same as the
diode axis variables . And
this is the Eqn of Straight
So we can easily plot this Eqn. on output
line.
characteristics of Diode.
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Load Line Analysis
Intersection of this eqn. on I D Axis is-
E
ID
R VD 0
Intersection of this eqn. on V D Axis is-
VD E I
D 0
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Load Line Analysis
The point of operation is usually called the
quiescent point (abbreviated “Q-pt.”)
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EXAMPLE 2.7 Determine Vo and ID for the series
circuit of Fig. 2.19 .
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EXAMPLE 2.8 Determine ID, VD2, and Vo for the circuit
of Fig. 2.21 .
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EXAMPLE 2.9 Determine I, V1, V2, and Vo for the series
dc configuration of Fig. 2.25 .
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Crystal Diode Rectifiers
Rectifier: Rectifier is that circuit, that
converts ac to dc.
The following two types of rectifier circuit
can be used:
I. Half wave rectifier
II. Full wave rectifier
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Half wave Rectifier
The process of removing one-half the input
signal to establish a dc level is called half-wave
rectification.
In Half wave rectification, the rectifier conducts
current during positive half cycle of input ac
signal only.
Negative half cycle is suppressed.
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Half wave Rectifier
AC voltage across
secondary
terminals AB
changes its polarity
after each half
cycle.
During negative
half cycle terminal
A is negative so
diode is reversed
So, current flows through diode during positive half
biased
cycle only. and
conducts no
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current.
In this way current flows through load RL in one
Half wave Rectifier
Disadvantage of Half wave rectifier:
The pulsating current in output contains ac
components whose frequency is equal to
supply frequency so filtering is needed.
The ac supply delivers power during half
cycle only so output is low.
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Half wave Rectifier
Output frequency of HWR:
Output frequency of HWR
is equal to input frequency.
This means when input ac
completes one cycle,
rectified wave also
completes one cycle.
f out f in
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Formula
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Vdc 0.318Vm VT
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Full-Wave Rectifier
In Full wave rectification current flow
through the load in same direction for both
half cycle of input ac.
This can be achieved with two diodes
working alternatively.
For one half cycle one diode supplies
current to load and for next half cycle
another diode works.
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Centre Tap Full Wave Rectifier
Circuit has two diodes D1 , D2 and a centre tap
transformer.
During positive half cycle Diode D1 conducts
and during negative half cycle Diode D2
conducts.
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It can be seen that current through load RL is in
Full Wave Bridge Rectifier
Need for centre tapped PT is eliminated.
Consists of 4 diodes instead of 2.
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Full Wave Bridge Rectifier
During period t=0 to t=T/2 D2
and D3 are conducting while D1
and D4 are in the “off” state.
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Full Wave Bridge Rectifier
During period t=T/2 to t=T D1 and D4
are conducting while D2 and D3 are in
the “off” state.
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Full Wave Bridge Rectifier
Over one full cycle the input and output
voltages will appear as shown in Fig.
Vdc 2 * 0.318Vm 0.636Vm
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Full Wave Bridge Rectifier
What happens if we use silicon Diode
instead of ideal Diode??
Vdc 0.636Vm 2VT
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Full wave Rectifier
Output frequency of FWR:
Output frequency of FWR
is equal to double of input
frequency.
This means when input ac
completes one cycle,
rectified wave completes
two cycle. f out 2 f in
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Full Wave Bridge Rectifier
Advantage:
I. Need for centre tap Xformer is
eliminated.
II. PIV is one half of that of centre tap
circuit.
III. Output is twice than that of centre tap
Disadvantage
circuit. 4 diodes.
I. Requires
II. Internal resistance voltage drop is
twice than that of Centre Tap Circuit.
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40 PIV 5V
Ripple Factor
The ratio of rms value of ac component to the dc
component in the rectifier output is known as ripple
factor.
rms value of ac component I ac
Ripple factor
value of dc component I dc
Ripple factor is very important in deciding the
effectiveness of rectifier.
Larger the ripple factor, larger the effect of ac
component.
Smaller the ripple factor, smaller the effect of ac
component.
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Ripple Factor
For Half Wave Rectifier:
Im Im
I rms , I dc
2
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Ripple Factor
For FullWave Rectifier:
Im 2I
I rms , I dc m
2
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Filter Circuit
The most commonly used filter circuits are-
1. Capacitor Filter
2. Choke input Filter
3. Pi- Filter
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Capacitor Filter
Capacitor is placed in parallel with load R L.
Capacitor offers infinite resistance to DC, so DC
can not pass through capacitor.
Initially capacitor is charged to max value Vm, and
the output reaches to point A.
Then capacitor starts to decrease shown by line
AB.
But at that instance another peak appears at the
45 input and capacitor is again charged.
Thus, only little ripple is left in the output.
Choke Input Filter
This filter consists of a choke(L) connected in series
with the load and Capacitor (C) connected in
parallel with the load.
Choke offers high opposition to ac component but
negligible opposition to dc component.
Result is most of the ac component appears across
choke and dc component across load.
Thus only small amount of ripple remains in the
output.
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Pi- Filter
It consists of capacitor C1 connected across rectifier
output, choke connected in series and another filter
capacitor connected in parallel across load.
C1 offers low reactance to ac component but very
high reactance to dc.
Choke L offers high resistance to ac but low
resistance to dc.
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Pi- Filter
Capacitor C2 offers low resistance to ac,
thus bypassing remaining ac components
that C1 failed to block.
Therefore dc components appears across
load.
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