Objectives:

1. To determine the different Input, Output

and Storage Devices;
2. Distinguish the different computer ports
and;
3. Be able to identify the different parts of the
motherboard.
KEYWORDS:
 Input Devices  Softcopy
 ROM
 Monitor  Image Scanner
 Memory  Hardcopy
 Keyboard  Motherboard
 Voice Recognition System
 Output Devices
 RAM  CRT
 Bar Code Reader  Peripheral
 Mouse

 LCD
 Bus/Ports
What is an input device?
are machines that enable you to put
information into a computer. They are the
sense organs of the computer. An input
device reads and translates these data and
commands and sends them to the computer
for processing.

by: Miss Charisse Abella

 2 Classes of Input Hardware
Devices:
 Keyboard Entry Device- an input device
used to encode data by key depression
 Non-keyboard Entry Devices- are input
devices that directly enter data without the
use of a keyboard
 KEYBOARD ENTRY DEVICE
A1. Computer Keyboard- is the most
popular input device.

Computer Keyboard Features:

1. Typewriter keypad- it is composed of keys with alphanumeric
characters- the letters, numbers, & symbols which you will find on
a typewriter keyboard. These are the keys used for typing &
entering data.
2. Function Keys –each of these keys starts with an F and a
number (F1-F12). They are typically used by application software
to enter commands quickly.
3. Cursor Movement Control Keys- also
known as the Arrow keys. They are used
to move the cursor around the screen.
4. Command keys – The uses of keys may
depend on the software being used.
 Enter key- execute commands or go to
the next line.
 Ctrl, Alt, Shift- modifiers
 Caps Lock- change letters from
lowercase or uppercase
 Tab key- used to indent paragraphs
 Esc key- used to cancel commands
 Backspace key- used to delete one
character to the left
5. Data Entry Control Keys- these keys used
mostly in word processing programs.
 Home
 End
 Page Up
 Page Down
 Insert key
 Delete Key
6. Numeric Keypad- consists of a group
of number keys arranged like the keys
on an adding machine.
7. LED Status Indicators- the lights of
the LED (light emitting diode) status
indicators are lit when the Num Lock,
Caps Lock, or Scroll Lock switches are
turned on.
8. Special Keys- these are the
PrintScreen, Scroll Lock and Pause
9. Environment Setting Keys- these are
the keys that set the environmental
requirement of the software program.
 NON-KEYBOARD ENTRY DEVICES
B1. Scanning Devices- uses light-sensitive
equipment to record data in the form of bar
codes, optical marks, typewritten letters or
magnetic-ink symbols.
 Bar Code Readers- are photo electric scanners
that read bar codes by means of reflected light.
 Handheld Bar Code Reader
 Stationary Bar Code Reader
 Mark & Character Reader
 Optical Mark recognition
 Optical Character Recognition
 Magnetic-Ink Character Recognition
  Image Scanners- a device that scans or
detects images on paper. The devices read
each image with light and digitize it.
 Flatbed scanner
 Handheld scanner
B2. Voice-Input Devices (Voice
Recognition System) - a device that
converts spoken words into a code that could
be understood by the computer.

B3. Pointing Devices- an input device used

in menu-driven programs. It is used to move
the cursor or pointer on the monitor’s screen.
Examples of Pointing Devices
Mouse- the most common pointing device
Types of Mouse:
 Mechanical Mouse- also known as the ball mouse,
uses a ball under it to move the mouse.
 Optical Mouse- is a mouse that uses light as a

means to detect movement.

 Laser Mouse- uses infrared laser diode to detect

movement which is better that the optical mouse

using LED.
 Wireless mouse or cordless mouse
 Trackball- a pointing device resembling a mouse.
You move the cursor or pointer by rotating the ball
with your fingers or palm. The trackball is
stationary.
 Touch screen- a special type of computer display
screen that allows commands to be entered by the
user touching the screen.
 Joystick- consists of a long stick, called the
handled, attached to a plastic base.
 Light pen- a light sensitive input device shaped
like a pen, used to select objects on the screen.
translate the data processed by the computer into a format people
can understand, appreciate, and work with.
Softcopy Output Device- Temporary
display
Hardcopy Output Display- permanent
output
 A1. Monitor- it is the most common output device.

2 classes of monitors:

 CRT( Cathode- Ray Tube)

 LCD (Liquid crystal display)
 3 attribute of monitors:

•Size- refers to the diagonal size of the monitor screen itself,

not the viewable area.

•Color- monitors can display output either in color or

monochrome. Monochrome monitors are able to display only
one color against a background, while colored monitors are
capable of displaying many colors.

•Resolution or Picture Quality- Resolution refers to the

clarity or fineness of detail that can be distinguished in an
image. For monitors, resolution is measured by pixels
horizontally displayed, and the number of lines vertically
displayed on the screen.
A2. Audio Output device (Speakers) - a device
that produces an output in the form of voice and other
recognizable sounds audible to human ears.
 B1. Printer- is a device for printing text & graphics
especially onto paper. It creates a permanent copy of the
program generated by the computer referred to as the Hard
copies.
2 basic groups of printers:

Impact printers- includes line printer & dot-matrix

Non-impact printers -two types of non-impact printers
include: laser printers & ink-jet printers

B2. Plotter- These are printing devices designed to produce

high-quality graphics on a variety of colors. Useful for creating
maps, charts, graphs, architectural drawings and other forms of
graphics.
Storage Devices
Memory- is where data and programs are
placed for execution by the CPU. It is directly
connected to the motherboard through a slot.
Storage- means to hold and store data,
programs and information for the present and
future use. Data and programs are saved in the
storage by writing and they are accessed by
reading them. Writing is the process of saving
data, programs and information into the storage
device. Reading is the process of retrieving
data and programs from the storage device.

Storage Devices
Characteristics of storage:
1. Storage media- are the type of materials
with which the storage is made of and the one
that stores the data and programs.
2. Storage capacity- refers to the measure or
how much data and programs the storage can
hold. This is measured in bytes.
3. Storage access speed- refers to the amount
of time to retrieve or access a data and
programs from the storage.
Storage Capacity
Byte = 8 bits
Kilobyte (KB) = 1 Thousand Bytes
Megabytes (MB) = 1 Million Bytes
Gigabytes (GB) = 1 Billion Bytes
Terabytes (TB) = 1 Trillion Bytes
Petabyte (PB) = 1 Quadrillion Bytes
Exabyte (EB) = 1 Quintillion Bytes
Zettabyte (ZB) = 1 Sextillion Bytes
Yottabyte (YB) = 1 Septillion Bytes
 Memory- is usually used a shorthand for physical
memory, which refers to the actual chips capable of
holding data.
PRIMARY STORAGE: TEMPORARY DATA STORAGE

Main types of Primary Memory :

RAM (Random Access Memory)-is essentially a high

speed holding area for data and programs. This
facilitates a fast transfer of data and instructions to the
CPU. RAM is volatile which means it requires a steady
flow of electricity to maintain its contents. When the
power is turned off, whatever data in the RAM is lost.
ROM (Read-Only Memory)-is a non-volatile
memory consisting of chips that store factory-
written instructions permanently. Programs stored
in ROM can only be read. They cannot be changed
nor erased even when the computer is turned off.
These programs such as the BIOS (Basic
Input/Output system), are used by the computer to
start.
CMOS (Complimentary Metal-Oxide
Semiconductor)- stores the date, calendar and
current time of the computer. It is powered by
batteries so that even if the computers are off,
information inside remain.
Magnetic Disks: Rotating Storage Media

1. Floppy Disk /3.5 inch diskette- a small magnetically,

sensitive, flexible plastic wafer housed in a plastic
case.
2. Hard disk- a rigid, magnetically sensitive disk that
spins rapidly and continuously inside the computer
chassis.
3. Zip disks- developed by Iomega. A zip disk looks like
a thicker version of a standard diskette. Can hold up
to 100MB of data.
4. Super Disks-developed by Imation. Can hold up to
120MB of data
5. Jaz Disks-also developed by Iomega. It is based on a
hard disk technology. It can hold up to 2GB of data.
6. Magneto-optical disks-uses a combination of
magnetic disk technology and optical disk technology
 B. Optical Laser Disks: High Density Storage

- uses laser beams rather than magnets to read and

write bits of information on the disk surface.

1. The Worm Disk- Write Once, Read Many. It is a disk

feasible alternative to magnetic tape for archival
storage.
2. CD-ROM- Compact Disk Read-Only Memory
functions as a ROM. It is made of tough, clear
polycarbonate that is not easily damaged by slight
scratches, dirt, magnetic fields or water. The CD-ROM
drive allows CDs to be read. It is also removable.
3. DVD-ROM- Digital Video disk (DVD) It is a computer
readable version of DVD. A single layer, single-sided
DVD can store 4.7GB of data while the double-layer,
single-sided one can store 8.5GB
 The CPU Box: Buses, Ports,
Motherboard and Peripherals
Characteristics of a CPU
Chip Speed
The processor contains millions of transistors. The CPU is measured by its
clock speed in MHz. One Megahertz is one million cycles per second.
The first IBM PC CPU, the Intel 8088, ran at 4.77 MHz. Today’s PCs
exceed 2 GHz (2,000 MHz!)

Math Coprocessor
Contained within the chip is a math coprocessor which handles floating
point calculations, like algebra and statistics. The math coprocessor is
also referred to as the FPU (Floating Point Unit). Earlier Intel chips had
an additional chip which handled the math functions, but the Pentium
line has had the functions built-in.
Cache Memory
Most processors have an internal cache which stores frequently used data
and instructions. Cache is broken up into two classifications, L1 which is
internal cache and L2 which is the external cache.
Buses
Each processor has buses which work with it.
The external bus, also called the system bus, allows the processor to
connect with other devices such as expansion cards and devices.
Buses consist of two parts: data bus and address bus. The data bus
transfers the information and the address bus tells where the
information should go.
 COMPONENTS INSIDE THE CPU
BOX
There are many parts inside our
personal computer (PC) case,
each has their own certain task.
Each part is different in size and
price too. The processor is one
of the smallest part but it is the
most expensive unit, usually.
The parts in a PC is also called
hardware, which software are
parts in the operating system
(e.g. Windows, Linux).
Motherboard

 Motherboard or mobo
is the largest
component in the
CPU. It contains the
slots and sockets
which interfaces,
drives and peripheral
devices plug into.
Processor, cooler or
cooling system,
graphic card, memory
card, and sound card
are attached on it. It
also connects to other
parts like power
supply unit, hard disk
and optical drive.
1. PCI slots. Peripheral Component
Interconnect. Usually color coded
as white.
2. AGP slot. Advanced Graphics
Port. As the name implies, this is
used for graphic cards that run off
the AGP bus.
3. ATX motherboard power
connector (Power Supply).
4. ZIF Socket. Zero Insertion Force.
Where the processor goes. There
are many types of sockets. Some
motherboards have two sockets,
which is called a Dual Processor
motherboard.
5. Memory banks. Length/# of pins
vary on the type of RAM the
motherboard can use.
6. Chipset. (VIA, Intel, SiS, etc..)
7. Onboard controllers. Blue is IDE
and the black one is Floppy. The
color may change depending on the
manufacturer, but they are all in
the same general location and have
the name right by it.
Processor
A processor processes
data. The faster a
processor, the better it
is. The measurement
for a processor is
Hertz, for example 2.0
GHz. There are two
procesor maker for PC
nowadays; Intel and
AMD. It is usually the
most expensive part in
personal computer
case, beside graphic
card.
Memory Card
A memory card or
RAM card is
capable of storing
a wide range of
data files, such as
audio and video
clips, images, and
text documents.
Unlike hard disk,
memory card only
save files for
temporary while
the personal
computer is
running.
Hard Disk
A hard disk saves
data for
permanent. The
data or files of your
operating system
are keep in the
hard disk and will
be executed when
you switch on your
personal computer.
Battery
The battery, or CMOS
battery is used for a
couple things. Primarily,
it’s used as the system’s
clock (that’s why your
computer keeps the
correct time even after
you shut it down). It’s
also used to store some
very low-level settings
for the BIOS (the stuff
that comes on the
screen before your
operating system loads).
Power Supply Unit
Power supply unit
simply deliver
power from
electricity source
to the
motherboard,
hard disk, and
optical drive.
Cooler
A cooler is used to
keep the temperature
of motherboard below
dangerous level as it
may harm the
components. Usually
the sound from your
personal computer
case comes from this
hardware, other than
the hard disk.
Graphic Card
A graphic card is
responsible for
rendering the
image on your
personal
computer’s
screen.
Optical Drive
It is to read data
from CD and DVD
and is not a
compulsory
component for a
personal computer
case.
Sound Card
A sound card,
usually built-in
with the
motherboard,
processes audio
files in order to
provide high-
quality playback
through computer
speakers.
Video Card
The video card is an
expansion card that
allows the computer
to send graphical
information to a
video display device
such as a monitor or
projector.
The Video Card is
Also Known As:
graphics card,
graphics adapter,
video adapter
PERIPHERAL – Input, Output and secondary devices
attached to your computer.

BUS- A collection of wires through which data is transmitted

from one part of a computer to another. You can think of a
bus as a highway on which data travels within a computer.
When used in reference to personal computers, the term bus
usually refers to internal bus. This is a bus that connects all
the internal computer components to the CPU and main
memory. There's also an expansion bus that enables
expansion boards to access the CPU and memory.
All buses consist of two parts -- an address bus and a data
bus. The data bus transfers actual data whereas the
address bus transfers information about where the data
should go.
The size of a bus, known as its width, is important because it
determines how much data can be transmitted at one time.
For example, a 16-bit bus can transmit 16 bits of data,
whereas a 32-bit bus can transmit 32 bits of data.
Every bus has a clock speed measured in MHz. A fast bus
allows data to be transferred faster, which makes
applications run faster. On PCs, the old ISA bus is being
replaced by faster buses such as PCI.
PORTS - Sockets on the outside of the computer chassis that
allows information to flow in & out of the system:

1.Serial Port – attaching a modem or other device that can

send and receive messages one bit at a time.

2.Parallel Port- attaching a printer or other device that

communicates by sending or receiving bits in groups, rather
than sequentially.

3.Keyboard/mouse- for attaching a keyboard and a mouse.

4.Video Port- for plugging a color monitor into the video

board.

5.Microphone, speaker, headphone, & MIDI (musical

instrument digital interface ports- for attaching sound
equipment to the sound board.

6. USB ports- for attaching up to 126 devices including

keyboard, mice, printers, digital cameras, and storage
devices.