8.
Python - Numbers
• Number data types store numeric values. They are
immutable data types, which means that changing the value
of a number data type results in a newly allocated object.
• Number objects are created when you assign a value to
them. For example:
var1 = 1
var2 = 10
• You can also delete the reference to a number object by
using the del statement. The syntax of the del statement is:
del var1[,var2[,var3[....,varN]]]]
You can delete a single object or multiple objects by using
the del statement. For example:
del var del var_a, var_b
Python supports four different numerical types:
• int (signed integers): often called just integers or ints, are positive or
negative whole numbers with no decimal point.
• float (floating point real values) : or floats, represent real numbers
and are written with a decimal point dividing the integer and fractional
parts. Floats may also be in scientific notation, with E or e indicating the
power of 10 (2.5e2 = 2.5 x 102 = 250).
Number Type Conversion:
• Type int(x)to convert x to a plain integer.
• Type float(x) to convert x to a floating-point number.
Mathematical Functions:
Function Returns ( description )
abs(x) The absolute value of x: the (positive) distance between x and zero.
ceil(x) The ceiling of x: the smallest integer not less than x
cmp(x, y) -1 if x < y, 0 if x == y, or 1 if x > y
exp(x) The exponential of x: ex
fabs(x) The absolute value of x.
floor(x) The floor of x: the largest integer not greater than x
log(x) The natural logarithm of x, for x> 0
log10(x) The base-10 logarithm of x for x> 0 .
max(x1, x2,...) The largest of its arguments: the value closest to positive infinity
min(x1, x2,...) The smallest of its arguments: the value closest to negative infinity
modf(x) The fractional and integer parts of x in a two-item tuple. Both parts have
the same sign as x. The integer part is returned as a float.
pow(x, y) The value of x**y.
round(x [,n]) x rounded to n digits from the decimal point. Python rounds away from
zero as a tie-breaker: round(0.5) is 1.0 and round(-0.5) is -1.0.
sqrt(x) The square root of x for x > 0
Random Number Functions:
Function Returns ( description )
choice(seq) A random item from a list, tuple, or string.
randrange ([start,] st A randomly selected element from range(start, stop,
op [,step]) step)
random() A random float r, such that 0 is less than or equal to
r and r is less than 1
seed([x]) Sets the integer starting value used in generating
random numbers. Call this function before calling
any other random module function. Returns None.
shuffle(lst) Randomizes the items of a list in place. Returns
None.
uniform(x, y) A random float r, such that x is less than or equal to
r and r is less than y
Trigonometric Functions:
Function Description
acos(x) Return the arc cosine of x, in radians.
asin(x) Return the arc sine of x, in radians.
atan(x) Return the arc tangent of x, in radians.
atan2(y, x) Return atan(y / x), in radians.
cos(x) Return the cosine of x radians.
hypot(x, y) Return the Euclidean norm, sqrt(x*x + y*y).
sin(x) Return the sine of x radians.
tan(x) Return the tangent of x radians.
degrees(x) Converts angle x from radians to degrees.
radians(x) Converts angle x from degrees to radians.
Mathematical Constants:
Constant Description
pi The mathematical constant pi.
e The mathematical constant e.
9. Python - Strings
• A string is a sequence of letters (called
characters) in closed with single/double quotes.
• Strings are amongst the most popular types in Python. We
can create them simply by enclosing characters in quotes.
Python treats single quotes the same as double quotes.
• Creating strings is as simple as assigning a value to a
variable. For example:
var1 = 'Hello World!'
var2 = "Python Programming"
Special characters
• The backslash is used to
introduce a special
Escape Meaning
character. sequence
>>> "He said, "Wow!""
\\ Backslash
File "<stdin>", line 1
"He said, "Wow!"" \’ Single quote
^
SyntaxError: invalid \” Double
syntax
quote
>>> "He said, 'Wow!'"
"He said, 'Wow!'" \n Newline
>>> "He said, \"Wow!\""
'He said, "Wow!"' \t Tab
Accessing Values in Strings:
• Python does not support a character type; these are treated as
strings of length one, thus also considered a substring.
• To access substrings, use the square brackets for slicing along
with the index or indices to obtain your substring:
• Example:
var 1 = 'Hello World!'
var2 = "Python Programming"
print "var1[0]: ", var1[0]
print "var2[1:5]: ", var2[1:5]
This will produce following result:
var1[0]: H
var2[1:5]: ytho
Defining strings
• Each string is stored in the computer’s
memory as a list of characters.
>>> myString = “GATTACA”
myString
Updating Strings:
• You can "update" an existing string by (re)assigning a variable to
another string. The new value can be related to its previous value or
to a completely different string altogether.
• Example:
var1 = 'Hello World!'
print "Updated String :- ", var1[:6] + 'Python'
This will produce following result:
Updated String :- Hello Python
Strings are immutable
• Strings cannot be modified; instead,
create a new one.
>>> s = "GATTACA"
>>> s[3] = "C"
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in ?
TypeError: object doesn't support item assignment
>>> s = s[:3] + "C" + s[4:]
>>> s
'GATCACA'
>>> s = s.replace("G","U")
>>> s
'UATCACA'
String Special Operators: Assume string
variable a holds 'Hello' and variable b holds
'Python' then: Description
Operator Example
+ Concatenation - Adds values on either a + b will give HelloPython
side of the operator
* Repetition - Creates new strings, a*2 will give -HelloHello
concatenating multiple copies of the
same string
[] Slice - Gives the character from the a[1] will give e
given index
[:] Range Slice - Gives the characters from a[1:4] will give ell
the given range
in Membership - Returns true if a H in a will give 1
character exists in the given string
not in Membership - Returns true if a M not in a will give 1
character does not exist in the given
string
Unicode String:
• Normal strings in Python are stored internally as 8-bit
ASCII, while Unicode strings are stored as 16-bit Unicode.
This allows for a more varied set of characters, including
special characters from most languages in the world. I'll
restrict my treatment of Unicode strings to the following:
print u'Hello, world!'
This would print following result:
Hello, world!
Built-in String Methods:
1 capitalize()
Capitalizes first letter of string
2 center(width, fillchar)
Returns a space-padded string with the original string centered to a total of width
columns
3 count(str, beg= 0,end=len(string))
Counts how many times str occurs in string, or in a substring of string if starting
index beg and ending index end are given
3 decode(encoding='UTF-8',errors='strict')
Decodes the string using the codec registered for encoding. encoding defaults to the
default string encoding.
4 encode(encoding='UTF-8',errors='strict')
Returns encoded string version of string; on error, default is to raise a ValueError
unless errors is given with 'ignore' or 'replace'.
5 endswith(suffix, beg=0, end=len(string))
Determines if string or a substring of string (if starting index beg and ending index
end are given) ends with suffix; Returns true if so, and false otherwise
6 expandtabs(tabsize=8)
Expands tabs in string to multiple spaces; defaults to 8 spaces per tab if tabsize not
provided
7 find(str, beg=0 end=len(string))
Determine if str occurs in string, or in a substring of string if starting index beg and
ending index end are given; returns index if found and -1 otherwise
8 index(str, beg=0, end=len(string))
Same as find(), but raises an exception if str not found
9 isa1num()
Returns true if string has at least 1 character and all characters are alphanumeric
and false otherwise
10 isalpha()
Returns true if string has at least 1 character and all characters are alphabetic and
false otherwise
11 isdigit()
Returns true if string contains only digits and false otherwise
12 islower()
Returns true if string has at least 1 cased character and all cased characters are in
lowercase and false otherwise
13 isnumeric()
Returns true if a unicode string contains only numeric characters and false otherwise
14 isspace()
Returns true if string contains only whitespace characters and false otherwise
15 istitle()
Returns true if string is properly "titlecased" and false otherwise
16 isupper()
Returns true if string has at least one cased character and all cased characters are in
uppercase and false otherwise
17 join(seq)
Merges (concatenates) the string representations of elements in sequence seq into a
string, with separator string
18 len(string)
Returns the length of the string
19 ljust(width[, fillchar])
Returns a space-padded string with the original string left-justified to a total of width
columns
20 lower()
Converts all uppercase letters in string to lowercase
21 lstrip()
Removes all leading whitespace in string
22 maketrans()
Returns a translation table to be used in translate function.
23 max(str)
Returns the max alphabetical character from the string str
24 min(str)
Returns the min alphabetical character from the string str
25 replace(old, new [, max])
Replaces all occurrences of old in string with new, or at most max occurrences if max
given
26 rfind(str, beg=0,end=len(string))
Same as find(), but search backwards in string
27 rindex( str, beg=0, end=len(string))
Same as index(), but search backwards in string
28 rjust(width,[, fillchar])
Returns a space-padded string with the original string right-justified to a total of width
columns.
29 rstrip()
Removes all trailing whitespace of string
30 split(str="", num=string.count(str))
Splits string according to delimiter str (space if not provided) and returns list of
substrings; split into at most num substrings if given
31 splitlines( num=string.count('\n'))
Splits string at all (or num) NEWLINEs and returns a list of each line with NEWLINEs
removed
32 startswith(str, beg=0,end=len(string))
Determines if string or a substring of string (if starting index beg and ending index
end are given) starts with substring str; Returns true if so, and false otherwise
33 strip([chars])
Performs both lstrip() and rstrip() on string
34 swapcase()
Inverts case for all letters in string
35 title()
Returns "titlecased" version of string, that is, all words begin with uppercase, and the
rest are lowercase
36 translate(table, deletechars="")
Translates string according to translation table str(256 chars), removing those in the
del string
37 upper()
Converts lowercase letters in string to uppercase
38 zfill (width)
Returns original string leftpadded with zeros to a total of width characters; intended
for numbers, zfill() retains any sign given (less one zero)
39 isdecimal()
Returns true if a unicode string contains only decimal characters and false otherwise
