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Introduction to Open Access

The document discusses open access to scientific literature. It defines open access as digital content that is free of charge and free of most copyright and licensing restrictions. It describes the benefits of open access as maximizing research visibility, usage, and impact. There are two main ways to achieve open access: self-archiving research articles in open repositories (the "green" route) or publishing in open access journals that do not charge subscription fees (the "gold" route). The document provides an overview of tools and standards that help implement open access institutional repositories, including the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH).

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Imma Subirats knowledge and information management officer FAO of the United Nations [email_address] INTRODUCTION TO OPEN ACCESS Regional Workshop on Agricultural Information, Communication and Knowledge Management (AICKM) Strategy Development and Meeting of SADC Network of AR&D Information Management Managers 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa
WHAT IS THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS PRESENTATION? To introduce … To clarify doubts about … To contextualize… ... the Open Access to Scientific Literature AICKM Meeting. 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa
SUMMARY What is Open Access to Scientific Literature Which are the ways to provide Open Access Existing tools for implementing repositories Overview to copyright Key roles in the Open Access Promotion Results of the survey “Use of Technology and Semantics in Open Access in Agriculture” Chronology about Open Access AICKM Meeting. 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa
A Brief Introduction to Open Access
WHAT IS OPEN ACCESS? “ Open-access (OA) literature is digital, online, free of charge, and free of most copyright and licensing restrictions. What makes it possible is the internet and the consent of the author or copyright-holder” http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/brief.htm OA is compatible with copyright, peer review , print, preservation, prestige, career-advancement, indexing, and other features and supportive services associated with conventional scholarly literature AICKM Meeting. 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa
THAT MEANS…. OA maximises: research visibility research usage research uptake research applications research impact research productivity research progress research funding research manageability by maximising research accessibility AICKM Meeting. 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa
OPEN ACCESS TO WHAT? ESSENTIAL: to all 2.5 million annual research articles published in all 25,000 peer-reviewed journals (and peer-reviewed conferences) in all scholarly and scientific disciplines, worldwide OPTIONAL: (because these are not all author give-aways, written only for usage and impact): 1. Books 2. Textbooks 3. Magazine articles 4. Newspaper articles 5. Music 6. Video 7. Software 8. “Knowledge” (or because author’s choice to self-archive can only be encouraged, not required in all cases): 9. Data 10. Unrefereed Preprints Slides for Promoting OA Mandates and Metrics AICKM Meeting. 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa
rising price of scientific journals Barriers for the access to information the impact factor in the scientific community is negatively influenced
OPEN ACCESS: WHY? Accessing articles universally and freely Maximizing the impact and access to research Improving and enhancing the scientific progress Contributing to the prestige / maintenance of Universities and Research Centers Retain the copyright of the authors of their own intellectual work Consequently… Readers / scientists can be more effective Libraries can meet all the needs of their user Society does not lose information (scientific heritage) Authors get the recognition that they wish AICKM Meeting. 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa
Kwasik & Fulda (2005) http://www.istl.org/05-summer/internet.html
Two ways to provide Open Access
Green OA Self-Archiving Authors self-archive the articles they publish in peer-reviewed journals Gold OA Publishing Authors publish in OA journals (some still recovering costs through institutional subscriptions, others through author/institutional publication charges) TWO WAYS The Green way is for researchers to deposit all their published journal articles in their own institution's Open Access Repository. Green Open Access depends only on the research community AICKM Meeting. 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa
Refereed “Post-Print” Accepted, Certified, Published by Journal Impact cycle begins: Research is done Researchers write pre-refereeing “ Pre-Print” Submitted to Journal Pre-Print reviewed by Peer Experts – “Peer-Review” Pre-Print revised by article’s Authors Researchers can access the Post-Print if their university has a subscription to the Journal 12-18 Months Por Tim Brody Slides for Promoting OA Mandates and Metrics New impact cycles: New research builds on existing research
New impact cycles : New research builds on existing research Researchers can access the Post-Print if their university has a subscription to the Journal Refereed “Post-Print” Accepted, Certified, Published by Journal Impact cycle begins : Research is done Researchers write pre-refereeing “ Pre-Print” Submitted to Journal Pre-Print reviewed by Peer Experts – “Peer-Review” Pre-Print revised by article’s Authors 12-18 Months Por Tim Brody Slides for Promoting OA Mandates and Metrics Pre-Print is self-archived in University’s Eprint Archive Post-Print is self-archived in University’s Eprint Archive New impact cycles: Self-archived research impact is greater (and faster) because access is maximized (and accelerated)
THE GOLD ROAD To publish articles in an open-access journal whenever a suitable one exists What is an open access journal? Copyright retained by the author Use a funding model that does not charge readers or their institutions for access not charge subscriptions or fees for online access Instead, they look to other sources to fund peer-review and publication (e.g., publication charges). Critical issue : being economically sustainable AICKM Meeting. 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa
OA JOURNAL BUSINESS MODELS (1) 1. Advertising to advertise on the journal's web site or article pages in order to generate income to help support the journal 2. Endowments to build an endowment and use the annual interest to cover its expenses 3. Fund-raising to solicit donations, periodically or continuously. 4. Hybrid OA journals to publish some OA articles and some non-OA articles, when the choice between the two is the author's rather than the editor's. 5. Institutional subsidies to subsidize an OA journal, in whole or part, directly or indirectly AICKM Meeting. 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa
OA JOURNAL BUSINESS MODELS (2) 6. Membership dues to use membership dues to support an OA journal, in whole or part 7. Priced editions to provide OA to one edition and sell access to another edition. The OA edition should contain the full text and other information (charts, illustrations, etc.), but the priced edition may appear earlier in time or include extra features, such as print. 8. Publication fees to charge a fee upon acceptance of an article for publication 9. Submission fees to charge a fee for evaluating a submitted paper, whether or not the paper is later accepted 10. Volunteer effort to use unpaid volunteers for some of the work in producing the journal Source: http://oad.simmons.edu/oadwiki/OA_journal_business_models
THE GREEN ROAD Self-archiving To self-archive is to deposit a digital document in a publicly accessible website, preferably a repository. Depositing involves a simple web interface where the depositor copies/pastes in the "metadata"  (date, author-name, title, journal-name, etc.) and then attaches the full-text document.  It is a supplement to, not a substitute for Scientific publication. Repositories A repository is a collection of digital documents. A repository is not just a catalogue: it must store full text documents + preservation + durability Authors don’t publish in a repository! Open Access Archiving is an ‘ access’ matter, not a ‘publication’ matter. AICKM Meeting. 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa
OPEN ARCHIVES INITIATIVE (OAI) In 1999 the OAI was launched, parallel to the Open Access Movement What is OAI? Develops and promoted interoperability solutions that aims to facilitate the efficient dissemination of content Provides the technical means to support the Open Access Movement What is OAI-PMH? OAI protocol for metadata harvesting A way for an archive to share it's metadata with harvesters which will offer searches across the data of many OAI-Compliant Archives. AICKM Meeting. 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa
TWO LEVELS OF PARTICIPATION Data provider administer system that support the OAI protocol as a means of exposing metadata about the content. A document repository can become a data provider Service provider harvest using OAI-PMH requests to data providers and uses the metadata as a basis for building value-added services Examples: OAIster or AGRIS Database What does “Open” mean? “ open” from the architectural perspective – defining and promoting machine interfaces that facilitate the availability of content from a variety of providers (FAQ - OAI, 1999) AICKM Meeting. 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa
REGISTRIES OF DATA AND SERVICE PROVIDERS OpenDOAR Registry of Open Access Repositories (1714) http://www.opendoar.org/ OAI registered data and service providers OAI conforming repositories (1314) http://www.openarchives.org/Register/BrowseSites Service providers (34) http://www.openarchives.org/service/listproviders.html CIARD Ring Registry of Open Access Repositories in Agriculture (33) http://ring.ciard.net/ AICKM Meeting. 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa
Tools for the implementation of data providers
FUNCTIONALITIES To capture and describe digital material using a workflow To provide an interface to deposit/upload documents in online repositories of documents To preserve documents To expose metadata via OAI-PMH By Default: unqualified DC But strongly recommended the use of other metadata standards AICKM Meeting. 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa
EXAMPLE OF WORKFLOW AICKM Meeting. 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa
Only metadata management and one or more than one link to digital documents Runs also with limited computing power (in some cases) No management of document flow Used by librarians Manages full text and metadata Easy upload of full texts by authors Large and active user community (OS) Strong preservation policy Ready to be used Document repository software Traditional catalogues
SOFTWARE AgriOcean DSpace AICKM Meeting. 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa
Overview to copyright
COPYRIGHT A bundle of exclusive rights which the law gives to authors and creators to control certain activities relating to the use, dissemination and public performance of their original works Copyright protects the intellectual standing and economic rights of creators and publishers of all literary, dramatic, artistics, musical, audio-visual and electronic works, i.e. Computer programs and electronic databases (Justin, 2009) AICKM Meeting. 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa
COPYRIGHT HOLDER Copyright gives the copyright holder (usually the creator), certain exclusive rights for a period of time: To reproduce the work To prepare derivate works To distribute copies for sale To perform AV workds publicy To display musical and artistic works publicy To prevents othersfrom using the works without authorization (Justin, 2009) AICKM Meeting. 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa
WHO OWNS THE COPYRIGHT? The person authoring the work generally owns the copyright In some case, the employer owns the copyright Copyright ownership may be transferred, e.g. Author to publisher (Justin, 2009) AICKM Meeting. 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa
SHERPA/ROMEO RoMEO is a searchable database of publisher policies on the self- archiving of journal articles on the web and in Open Access repositories. Each entry provides a summary of the publisher's policy, including what version of an article can be deposited, where it can be deposited, and any conditions that are attached to that deposit. AICKM Meeting. 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa
EXAMPLE IN ROMEO AICKM Meeting. 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa
EXAMPLE IN ROMEO AICKM Meeting. 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa
CREATIVE COMMONS Non profit corporation allowing content creators to assign their own rules for their own content Provides free licenses and other legal tools to mark creative work with the freedom the creator wants it to carry http://creativecommons.org/ AICKM Meeting. 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa
ORIGINAL LICENCES You let the others copy, distribute, display and perform the work and make derivative works based on it only if they give credit the way you request You let the others copy, distribute, display, and perform the work and make derivative works based on it only for noncommercial purposes. You let the others copy, distribute, display and perform only verbatim copies of the work, not derivative works based on it. You let the others distribute derivative works only under a license identical to the license that governs the original work. AICKM Meeting. 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa
COMBINATION OF LICENSES The mixture of these conditions produces sixteen possible combinations, of which eleven are valid Creative Commons licenses and five are not. Of the five invalid combinations, four include both the "nd" and "sa" clauses, which are mutually exclusive; and one includes none of the clauses. Of the eleven valid licenses, the five that lack the "by" clause have been phased out because 98% of licensors requested Attribution, though they do remain available for reference on the website. AICKM Meeting. 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa
REGULARLY USED LICENSES This license lets others distribute, remix, tweak, and build upon your work, even commercially, as long as they credit you for the original creation. This is the most accommodating of licenses offered, in terms of what others can do with your works licensed under Attribution Source: http://creativecommons.org/about/licenses/
REGULARLY USED LICENSES This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon your work even for commercial reasons, as long as they credit you and license their new creations under the identical terms. Often compared to open source software licenses. All new works based on it will carry the same license, so any derivatives will also allow commercial use. Source: http://creativecommons.org/about/licenses/
REGULARLY USED LICENSES This license allows for redistribution, commercial and non-commercial, as long as it is passed along unchanged and in whole, with credit to you. Source: http://creativecommons.org/about/licenses/
REGULARLY USED LICENSES This license allows for redistribution, commercial and non-commercial, as long as it is passed along unchanged and in whole, with credit to you. Source: http://creativecommons.org/about/licenses/
REGULARLY USED LICENSES This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon your work non-commercially, and although their new works must also acknowledge you and be non-commercial, they don’t have to license their derivative works on the same terms. Source: http://creativecommons.org/about/licenses/
REGULARLY USED LICENSES This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon your work non-commercially, as long as they credit you and license their new creations under the identical terms. Others can download and redistribute your work just like the by-nc-nd license, but they can also translate, make remixes, and produce new stories based on your work. All new work based on yours will carry the same license, so any derivatives will also be non-commercial in nature. Source: http://creativecommons.org/about/licenses/
REGULARLY USED LICENSES This license is the most restrictive of the six main licenses, allowing redistribution. This license is often called the “free advertising” license because it allows others to download your works and share them with others as long as they mention you and link back to you, but they can’t change them in any way or use them commercially. Source: http://creativecommons.org/about/licenses/
LICENSE YOUR WORK Source: http://creativecommons.org/about/licenses/
LICENSE YOUR WORK Source: http://creativecommons.org/about/licenses/
Key roles in Open Access
(1) INFORMATION MANAGEMENT SPECIALISTS Promoting open access among their users Including in their collections and disseminating open access materials, services and open access journals Creating and maintaining institutional repositories Informing authors about their rights on copyright Ensuring the durability and quality of the description of the documents archived in the institutional repositories AICKM Meeting. 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa
(2) INSTITUTIONS Developing guidelines, policies and institutional mandates requiring to their researchers the deposit of their papers in the institutional repository Providing the necessary tools/resources for development of deposits What are institutional mandates? To require researchers to deposit their publications in the institutional repository (IR) To provide open access to their own peer-reviewed research output  AICKM Meeting. 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa
ROARMAP HTTP://WWW.EPRINTS.ORG/OPENACCESS/POLICYSIGNUP AICKM Meeting. 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa
OPEN ACCESS DECLARATIONS National or International statements on open access Organisations that commit to implementing open access can sign on to declarations AICKM Meeting. 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa
 
 
 
Use of Technology and Semantics in Open Access in Food, Agriculture, Development, Fisheries, Forestry and Natural Resources
Survey Objective to get an overview of the state of the art of OA and OAI in Food, Agriculture, Development, Fisheries, Forestry and Natural Resources 30 questions divided on general information about the repository type of content subject indexing and authority control, metadata software users From December 2009 to end of January 2010 link was communicated by e-mail to repository managers registered in OpenDOAR, AGRIS partners and distributed in different mailing lists
Survey 82 repositories from Africa, Asia, Europe, North and South America have participated 20 of them were not registered in any directory AICKM Meeting. 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa
Percentage of full text documents AICKM Meeting. 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa
Which types of documents are available in your digital repository?
Do you assign keywords or subject categories to the bibliographical records? AICKM Meeting. 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa
Which software do you use in your digital repository? AICKM Meeting. 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa
 
Timeline of the Open Access Movement Source: http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/timeline.htm
OCTOBER 1990. TIM BERNERS-LEE WROTE FIRST WEB CLIENT AND SERVER (RELEASED MARCH 1991). ON NOVEMBER 12, 1990, BERNERS-LEE PUBLISHED WORLDWIDEWEB: PROPOSAL FOR A HYPERTEXT PROJECT, AND ON NOVEMBER 13, 1990, HE WROTE THE FIRST WEB PAGE. MAY 17, 1991. WORLD WIDE WEB STANDARD RELEASED BY CERN AND TIM BERNERS-LEE. AICKM Meeting. 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa
APRIL 30, 1993. CERN ANNOUNCED THAT IT WAS PUTTING THE BASIC WEB SOFTWARE INTO THE PUBLIC DOMAIN, RELINQUISHING ALL INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS TO IT, AND GRANTING PERMISSION FOR ALL TO "USE, DUPLICATE, MODIFY AND REDISTRIBUTE" IT WITHOUT CHARGE. NOVEMBER 1993. CERN LAUNCHED ITS PREPRINT SERVER. AICKM Meeting. 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa
JUNE 27, 1994. SELF-ARCHIVING FIRST PROPOSED BY STEVAN HARNAD. PUBLISHING SCHOLARLY JOURNALS AT THE CROSSROADS: A SUBVERSIVE PROPOSAL FOR ELECTRONIC PUBLISHING AICKM Meeting. 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa
MARCH 1997. SCIELO (SCIENTIFIC ELECTRONIC LIBRARY ONLINE) WAS LAUNCHED BY THE SÃO PAULO SCIENCE FOUNDATION (FAPESP) AND THE LATIN AMERICA AND CARIBBEAN CENTER ON HEALTH SCIENCES INFORMATION (BIREME). MAY 12, 1997. RESEARCH PAPERS IN ECONOMICS (REPEC) LAUNCHED BY THOMAS KRICHEL. AICKM Meeting. 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa
1999. THE OPEN ARCHIVES INITIATIVE (OAI) IS LAUNCHED. OCTOBER 22, 1999. SANTE FE CONVENTION ISSUED. AICKM Meeting. 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa
FEBRUARY 2000. PUBMED CENTRAL (FREE FULL-TEXT ARTICLES) LAUNCHED TO SUPPLEMENT PUBMED (FREE CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS) SEPTEMBER 29, 2000. SOUTHAMPTON UNIVERSITY RELEASED EPRINTS, ITS OAI-COMPLIANT SOFTWARE FOR EPRINT ARCHIVING. AICKM Meeting. 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa
JANUARY 15, 2001. WIKIPEDIA LAUNCHED BY JIMMY WALES DECEMBER 10, 2001. CITEBASE IS LAUNCHED BY TIM BRODY AND SOUTHAMPTON UNIVERSITY. AICKM Meeting. 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa
2002, A DECISIVE YEAR (1) February 14, 2002. Budapest Open Access Initiative (BOAI) launched by the Open Society Institute. February 25, 2002. OAIster launched by the University of Michigan Libraries Digital Library Production Services. May 15, 2002. Creative Commons launched by Lawrence Lessig. August 1, 2002. Project RoMEO (Rights MEtadata for Open archiving) launched by JISC-FAIR. AICKM Meeting. 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa
2002, A DECISIVE YEAR (2) August 15, 2002. CERN released CDSWare, its OAI-compliant open-source software for document servers. November 4, 2002. MIT released DSpace, its OAI-compliant open-source software for archiving eprints and other academic content. November 8, 2002. The Public Knowledge Project released Open Journal Systems, its open-source journal management and publishing software. December 17, 2002. The Public Library of Science received a $9 million grant from the Moore Foundation for open-access publishing and announced its first two open-access journals. AICKM Meeting. 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa
MAY 1, 2003. FEDORA (FLEXIBLE EXTENSIBLE DIGITAL OBJECT AND REPOSITORY ARCHITECTURE) VERSION 1.0 WAS LAUNCHED BY THE UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA AND CORNELL UNIVERSITY. MAY 12, 2003. THE DIRECTORY OF OPEN ACCESS JOURNALS LAUNCHED BY LUND UNIVERSITY. OCTOBER 22, 2003. THE BERLIN DECLARATION ON OPEN ACCESS TO KNOWLEDGE IN THE SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES WAS RELEASED BY THE MAX PLANCK SOCIETY AND EUROPEAN CULTURAL HERITAGE ONLINE.
2004…2006, THE PUBLISHERS MOVED June 3, 2004. Elsevier announced its new policy permitting authors to post the final editions of their full-text Elsevier articles to their personal web sites or institutional repositories. The policy was officially announced on June 3 but first publicized on May 27. July 3, 2004. Springer launched its Open Choice hybrid journal program. February 24, 2005. Blackwell Publishing launched its Online Open hybrid journal program. July 1, 2005. Oxford University Press launched its Oxford Open hybrid journal program. May 24, 2006. Elsevier launched its Sponsored-Article hybrid journal model. August 12, 2006. Cambridge University Press launched the Cambridge Open Option hybrid journal program. AICKM Meeting. 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa
REFERENCES A Very Brief Introduction to Open Access http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/brief.htm Promoting OA Mandates and Metrics http://users.ecs.soton.ac.uk/harnad/Temp/openaccess.ppt Kwasik & Fulda (2005) http://www.istl.org/05-summer/internet.html OA journal business models http://oad.simmons.edu/oadwiki/OA_journal_business_models Registry of Open Access Repositories http://www.opendoar.org/ OAI conforming repositories http://www.openarchives.org/Register/BrowseSites Service providers http://www.openarchives.org/service/listproviders.html CIARD Ring http://ring.ciard.net/ Dspace http://www.dspace.org/ Justin Chisenga (2009) Copyright and Open access SHERPA/ROMEO http://www.sherpa.ac.uk/romeo/ Creative Commons http://creativecommons.org/ ROARMAP http://www.eprints.org/openaccess/policysignup Budapest Open Access Initiative http://www.soros.org/openaccess/initiatives.shtml Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities http://oa.mpg.de/openaccess-berlin/berlindeclaration.html CIARD Manifesto http://www.ciard.net/ciard-manifesto Timeline of the Open Access Movement http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/timeline.htm AICKM Meeting. 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa
Thank you for your attention [email_address] AICKM Meeting. 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa

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In this document
Powered by AI

Introduces Open Access principles and objectives for the AICKM meeting in South Africa.

Defines Open Access (OA), emphasizing digital accessibility to scientific literature and its benefits.

Discusses types of OA content, rising journal costs, and the essential role of OA in research.

Explores Gold and Green OA publishing models, including self-archiving and sustainability.

Examines Open Archives Initiative (OAI) for interoperability in OA content dissemination.

Discusses copyright as it relates to OA, including ownership and rights of creators.

Details Creative Commons licenses, enabling flexible rights for content creators to share work.

Identifies roles of information management specialists and institutions in supporting OA.

Outlines a survey exploring OA in agriculture, highlighting repository types and user engagement.

Chronicles significant milestones and developments in the Open Access Movement from 1990 to 2006.

Provides references used in the presentation and concludes with a thank you note.

Introduction to Open Access

  • 1.
    Imma Subirats knowledgeand information management officer FAO of the United Nations [email_address] INTRODUCTION TO OPEN ACCESS Regional Workshop on Agricultural Information, Communication and Knowledge Management (AICKM) Strategy Development and Meeting of SADC Network of AR&D Information Management Managers 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa
  • 2.
    WHAT IS THEOBJECTIVE OF THIS PRESENTATION? To introduce … To clarify doubts about … To contextualize… ... the Open Access to Scientific Literature AICKM Meeting. 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa
  • 3.
    SUMMARY What isOpen Access to Scientific Literature Which are the ways to provide Open Access Existing tools for implementing repositories Overview to copyright Key roles in the Open Access Promotion Results of the survey “Use of Technology and Semantics in Open Access in Agriculture” Chronology about Open Access AICKM Meeting. 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa
  • 4.
    A Brief Introductionto Open Access
  • 5.
    WHAT IS OPENACCESS? “ Open-access (OA) literature is digital, online, free of charge, and free of most copyright and licensing restrictions. What makes it possible is the internet and the consent of the author or copyright-holder” http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/brief.htm OA is compatible with copyright, peer review , print, preservation, prestige, career-advancement, indexing, and other features and supportive services associated with conventional scholarly literature AICKM Meeting. 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa
  • 6.
    THAT MEANS…. OAmaximises: research visibility research usage research uptake research applications research impact research productivity research progress research funding research manageability by maximising research accessibility AICKM Meeting. 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa
  • 7.
    OPEN ACCESS TOWHAT? ESSENTIAL: to all 2.5 million annual research articles published in all 25,000 peer-reviewed journals (and peer-reviewed conferences) in all scholarly and scientific disciplines, worldwide OPTIONAL: (because these are not all author give-aways, written only for usage and impact): 1. Books 2. Textbooks 3. Magazine articles 4. Newspaper articles 5. Music 6. Video 7. Software 8. “Knowledge” (or because author’s choice to self-archive can only be encouraged, not required in all cases): 9. Data 10. Unrefereed Preprints Slides for Promoting OA Mandates and Metrics AICKM Meeting. 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa
  • 8.
    rising price ofscientific journals Barriers for the access to information the impact factor in the scientific community is negatively influenced
  • 9.
    OPEN ACCESS: WHY?Accessing articles universally and freely Maximizing the impact and access to research Improving and enhancing the scientific progress Contributing to the prestige / maintenance of Universities and Research Centers Retain the copyright of the authors of their own intellectual work Consequently… Readers / scientists can be more effective Libraries can meet all the needs of their user Society does not lose information (scientific heritage) Authors get the recognition that they wish AICKM Meeting. 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa
  • 10.
    Kwasik & Fulda(2005) http://www.istl.org/05-summer/internet.html
  • 11.
    Two ways toprovide Open Access
  • 12.
    Green OA Self-ArchivingAuthors self-archive the articles they publish in peer-reviewed journals Gold OA Publishing Authors publish in OA journals (some still recovering costs through institutional subscriptions, others through author/institutional publication charges) TWO WAYS The Green way is for researchers to deposit all their published journal articles in their own institution's Open Access Repository. Green Open Access depends only on the research community AICKM Meeting. 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa
  • 13.
    Refereed “Post-Print” Accepted,Certified, Published by Journal Impact cycle begins: Research is done Researchers write pre-refereeing “ Pre-Print” Submitted to Journal Pre-Print reviewed by Peer Experts – “Peer-Review” Pre-Print revised by article’s Authors Researchers can access the Post-Print if their university has a subscription to the Journal 12-18 Months Por Tim Brody Slides for Promoting OA Mandates and Metrics New impact cycles: New research builds on existing research
  • 14.
    New impact cycles: New research builds on existing research Researchers can access the Post-Print if their university has a subscription to the Journal Refereed “Post-Print” Accepted, Certified, Published by Journal Impact cycle begins : Research is done Researchers write pre-refereeing “ Pre-Print” Submitted to Journal Pre-Print reviewed by Peer Experts – “Peer-Review” Pre-Print revised by article’s Authors 12-18 Months Por Tim Brody Slides for Promoting OA Mandates and Metrics Pre-Print is self-archived in University’s Eprint Archive Post-Print is self-archived in University’s Eprint Archive New impact cycles: Self-archived research impact is greater (and faster) because access is maximized (and accelerated)
  • 15.
    THE GOLD ROADTo publish articles in an open-access journal whenever a suitable one exists What is an open access journal? Copyright retained by the author Use a funding model that does not charge readers or their institutions for access not charge subscriptions or fees for online access Instead, they look to other sources to fund peer-review and publication (e.g., publication charges). Critical issue : being economically sustainable AICKM Meeting. 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa
  • 16.
    OA JOURNAL BUSINESSMODELS (1) 1. Advertising to advertise on the journal's web site or article pages in order to generate income to help support the journal 2. Endowments to build an endowment and use the annual interest to cover its expenses 3. Fund-raising to solicit donations, periodically or continuously. 4. Hybrid OA journals to publish some OA articles and some non-OA articles, when the choice between the two is the author's rather than the editor's. 5. Institutional subsidies to subsidize an OA journal, in whole or part, directly or indirectly AICKM Meeting. 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa
  • 17.
    OA JOURNAL BUSINESSMODELS (2) 6. Membership dues to use membership dues to support an OA journal, in whole or part 7. Priced editions to provide OA to one edition and sell access to another edition. The OA edition should contain the full text and other information (charts, illustrations, etc.), but the priced edition may appear earlier in time or include extra features, such as print. 8. Publication fees to charge a fee upon acceptance of an article for publication 9. Submission fees to charge a fee for evaluating a submitted paper, whether or not the paper is later accepted 10. Volunteer effort to use unpaid volunteers for some of the work in producing the journal Source: http://oad.simmons.edu/oadwiki/OA_journal_business_models
  • 18.
    THE GREEN ROADSelf-archiving To self-archive is to deposit a digital document in a publicly accessible website, preferably a repository. Depositing involves a simple web interface where the depositor copies/pastes in the "metadata"  (date, author-name, title, journal-name, etc.) and then attaches the full-text document.  It is a supplement to, not a substitute for Scientific publication. Repositories A repository is a collection of digital documents. A repository is not just a catalogue: it must store full text documents + preservation + durability Authors don’t publish in a repository! Open Access Archiving is an ‘ access’ matter, not a ‘publication’ matter. AICKM Meeting. 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa
  • 19.
    OPEN ARCHIVES INITIATIVE(OAI) In 1999 the OAI was launched, parallel to the Open Access Movement What is OAI? Develops and promoted interoperability solutions that aims to facilitate the efficient dissemination of content Provides the technical means to support the Open Access Movement What is OAI-PMH? OAI protocol for metadata harvesting A way for an archive to share it's metadata with harvesters which will offer searches across the data of many OAI-Compliant Archives. AICKM Meeting. 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa
  • 20.
    TWO LEVELS OFPARTICIPATION Data provider administer system that support the OAI protocol as a means of exposing metadata about the content. A document repository can become a data provider Service provider harvest using OAI-PMH requests to data providers and uses the metadata as a basis for building value-added services Examples: OAIster or AGRIS Database What does “Open” mean? “ open” from the architectural perspective – defining and promoting machine interfaces that facilitate the availability of content from a variety of providers (FAQ - OAI, 1999) AICKM Meeting. 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa
  • 21.
    REGISTRIES OF DATAAND SERVICE PROVIDERS OpenDOAR Registry of Open Access Repositories (1714) http://www.opendoar.org/ OAI registered data and service providers OAI conforming repositories (1314) http://www.openarchives.org/Register/BrowseSites Service providers (34) http://www.openarchives.org/service/listproviders.html CIARD Ring Registry of Open Access Repositories in Agriculture (33) http://ring.ciard.net/ AICKM Meeting. 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa
  • 22.
    Tools for theimplementation of data providers
  • 23.
    FUNCTIONALITIES To captureand describe digital material using a workflow To provide an interface to deposit/upload documents in online repositories of documents To preserve documents To expose metadata via OAI-PMH By Default: unqualified DC But strongly recommended the use of other metadata standards AICKM Meeting. 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa
  • 24.
    EXAMPLE OF WORKFLOWAICKM Meeting. 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa
  • 25.
    Only metadata managementand one or more than one link to digital documents Runs also with limited computing power (in some cases) No management of document flow Used by librarians Manages full text and metadata Easy upload of full texts by authors Large and active user community (OS) Strong preservation policy Ready to be used Document repository software Traditional catalogues
  • 26.
    SOFTWARE AgriOcean DSpaceAICKM Meeting. 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa
  • 27.
  • 28.
    COPYRIGHT A bundleof exclusive rights which the law gives to authors and creators to control certain activities relating to the use, dissemination and public performance of their original works Copyright protects the intellectual standing and economic rights of creators and publishers of all literary, dramatic, artistics, musical, audio-visual and electronic works, i.e. Computer programs and electronic databases (Justin, 2009) AICKM Meeting. 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa
  • 29.
    COPYRIGHT HOLDER Copyrightgives the copyright holder (usually the creator), certain exclusive rights for a period of time: To reproduce the work To prepare derivate works To distribute copies for sale To perform AV workds publicy To display musical and artistic works publicy To prevents othersfrom using the works without authorization (Justin, 2009) AICKM Meeting. 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa
  • 30.
    WHO OWNS THECOPYRIGHT? The person authoring the work generally owns the copyright In some case, the employer owns the copyright Copyright ownership may be transferred, e.g. Author to publisher (Justin, 2009) AICKM Meeting. 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa
  • 31.
    SHERPA/ROMEO RoMEO isa searchable database of publisher policies on the self- archiving of journal articles on the web and in Open Access repositories. Each entry provides a summary of the publisher's policy, including what version of an article can be deposited, where it can be deposited, and any conditions that are attached to that deposit. AICKM Meeting. 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa
  • 32.
    EXAMPLE IN ROMEOAICKM Meeting. 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa
  • 33.
    EXAMPLE IN ROMEOAICKM Meeting. 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa
  • 34.
    CREATIVE COMMONS Nonprofit corporation allowing content creators to assign their own rules for their own content Provides free licenses and other legal tools to mark creative work with the freedom the creator wants it to carry http://creativecommons.org/ AICKM Meeting. 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa
  • 35.
    ORIGINAL LICENCES Youlet the others copy, distribute, display and perform the work and make derivative works based on it only if they give credit the way you request You let the others copy, distribute, display, and perform the work and make derivative works based on it only for noncommercial purposes. You let the others copy, distribute, display and perform only verbatim copies of the work, not derivative works based on it. You let the others distribute derivative works only under a license identical to the license that governs the original work. AICKM Meeting. 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa
  • 36.
    COMBINATION OF LICENSESThe mixture of these conditions produces sixteen possible combinations, of which eleven are valid Creative Commons licenses and five are not. Of the five invalid combinations, four include both the "nd" and "sa" clauses, which are mutually exclusive; and one includes none of the clauses. Of the eleven valid licenses, the five that lack the "by" clause have been phased out because 98% of licensors requested Attribution, though they do remain available for reference on the website. AICKM Meeting. 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa
  • 37.
    REGULARLY USED LICENSESThis license lets others distribute, remix, tweak, and build upon your work, even commercially, as long as they credit you for the original creation. This is the most accommodating of licenses offered, in terms of what others can do with your works licensed under Attribution Source: http://creativecommons.org/about/licenses/
  • 38.
    REGULARLY USED LICENSESThis license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon your work even for commercial reasons, as long as they credit you and license their new creations under the identical terms. Often compared to open source software licenses. All new works based on it will carry the same license, so any derivatives will also allow commercial use. Source: http://creativecommons.org/about/licenses/
  • 39.
    REGULARLY USED LICENSESThis license allows for redistribution, commercial and non-commercial, as long as it is passed along unchanged and in whole, with credit to you. Source: http://creativecommons.org/about/licenses/
  • 40.
    REGULARLY USED LICENSESThis license allows for redistribution, commercial and non-commercial, as long as it is passed along unchanged and in whole, with credit to you. Source: http://creativecommons.org/about/licenses/
  • 41.
    REGULARLY USED LICENSESThis license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon your work non-commercially, and although their new works must also acknowledge you and be non-commercial, they don’t have to license their derivative works on the same terms. Source: http://creativecommons.org/about/licenses/
  • 42.
    REGULARLY USED LICENSESThis license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon your work non-commercially, as long as they credit you and license their new creations under the identical terms. Others can download and redistribute your work just like the by-nc-nd license, but they can also translate, make remixes, and produce new stories based on your work. All new work based on yours will carry the same license, so any derivatives will also be non-commercial in nature. Source: http://creativecommons.org/about/licenses/
  • 43.
    REGULARLY USED LICENSESThis license is the most restrictive of the six main licenses, allowing redistribution. This license is often called the “free advertising” license because it allows others to download your works and share them with others as long as they mention you and link back to you, but they can’t change them in any way or use them commercially. Source: http://creativecommons.org/about/licenses/
  • 44.
    LICENSE YOUR WORKSource: http://creativecommons.org/about/licenses/
  • 45.
    LICENSE YOUR WORKSource: http://creativecommons.org/about/licenses/
  • 46.
    Key roles inOpen Access
  • 47.
    (1) INFORMATION MANAGEMENTSPECIALISTS Promoting open access among their users Including in their collections and disseminating open access materials, services and open access journals Creating and maintaining institutional repositories Informing authors about their rights on copyright Ensuring the durability and quality of the description of the documents archived in the institutional repositories AICKM Meeting. 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa
  • 48.
    (2) INSTITUTIONS Developingguidelines, policies and institutional mandates requiring to their researchers the deposit of their papers in the institutional repository Providing the necessary tools/resources for development of deposits What are institutional mandates? To require researchers to deposit their publications in the institutional repository (IR) To provide open access to their own peer-reviewed research output  AICKM Meeting. 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa
  • 49.
    ROARMAP HTTP://WWW.EPRINTS.ORG/OPENACCESS/POLICYSIGNUP AICKMMeeting. 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa
  • 50.
    OPEN ACCESS DECLARATIONSNational or International statements on open access Organisations that commit to implementing open access can sign on to declarations AICKM Meeting. 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa
  • 51.
  • 52.
  • 53.
  • 54.
    Use of Technologyand Semantics in Open Access in Food, Agriculture, Development, Fisheries, Forestry and Natural Resources
  • 55.
    Survey Objective toget an overview of the state of the art of OA and OAI in Food, Agriculture, Development, Fisheries, Forestry and Natural Resources 30 questions divided on general information about the repository type of content subject indexing and authority control, metadata software users From December 2009 to end of January 2010 link was communicated by e-mail to repository managers registered in OpenDOAR, AGRIS partners and distributed in different mailing lists
  • 56.
    Survey 82 repositoriesfrom Africa, Asia, Europe, North and South America have participated 20 of them were not registered in any directory AICKM Meeting. 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa
  • 57.
    Percentage of fulltext documents AICKM Meeting. 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa
  • 58.
    Which types ofdocuments are available in your digital repository?
  • 59.
    Do you assignkeywords or subject categories to the bibliographical records? AICKM Meeting. 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa
  • 60.
    Which software doyou use in your digital repository? AICKM Meeting. 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa
  • 61.
  • 62.
    Timeline of theOpen Access Movement Source: http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/timeline.htm
  • 63.
    OCTOBER 1990. TIMBERNERS-LEE WROTE FIRST WEB CLIENT AND SERVER (RELEASED MARCH 1991). ON NOVEMBER 12, 1990, BERNERS-LEE PUBLISHED WORLDWIDEWEB: PROPOSAL FOR A HYPERTEXT PROJECT, AND ON NOVEMBER 13, 1990, HE WROTE THE FIRST WEB PAGE. MAY 17, 1991. WORLD WIDE WEB STANDARD RELEASED BY CERN AND TIM BERNERS-LEE. AICKM Meeting. 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa
  • 64.
    APRIL 30, 1993.CERN ANNOUNCED THAT IT WAS PUTTING THE BASIC WEB SOFTWARE INTO THE PUBLIC DOMAIN, RELINQUISHING ALL INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS TO IT, AND GRANTING PERMISSION FOR ALL TO "USE, DUPLICATE, MODIFY AND REDISTRIBUTE" IT WITHOUT CHARGE. NOVEMBER 1993. CERN LAUNCHED ITS PREPRINT SERVER. AICKM Meeting. 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa
  • 65.
    JUNE 27, 1994.SELF-ARCHIVING FIRST PROPOSED BY STEVAN HARNAD. PUBLISHING SCHOLARLY JOURNALS AT THE CROSSROADS: A SUBVERSIVE PROPOSAL FOR ELECTRONIC PUBLISHING AICKM Meeting. 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa
  • 66.
    MARCH 1997. SCIELO(SCIENTIFIC ELECTRONIC LIBRARY ONLINE) WAS LAUNCHED BY THE SÃO PAULO SCIENCE FOUNDATION (FAPESP) AND THE LATIN AMERICA AND CARIBBEAN CENTER ON HEALTH SCIENCES INFORMATION (BIREME). MAY 12, 1997. RESEARCH PAPERS IN ECONOMICS (REPEC) LAUNCHED BY THOMAS KRICHEL. AICKM Meeting. 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa
  • 67.
    1999. THE OPENARCHIVES INITIATIVE (OAI) IS LAUNCHED. OCTOBER 22, 1999. SANTE FE CONVENTION ISSUED. AICKM Meeting. 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa
  • 68.
    FEBRUARY 2000. PUBMEDCENTRAL (FREE FULL-TEXT ARTICLES) LAUNCHED TO SUPPLEMENT PUBMED (FREE CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS) SEPTEMBER 29, 2000. SOUTHAMPTON UNIVERSITY RELEASED EPRINTS, ITS OAI-COMPLIANT SOFTWARE FOR EPRINT ARCHIVING. AICKM Meeting. 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa
  • 69.
    JANUARY 15, 2001.WIKIPEDIA LAUNCHED BY JIMMY WALES DECEMBER 10, 2001. CITEBASE IS LAUNCHED BY TIM BRODY AND SOUTHAMPTON UNIVERSITY. AICKM Meeting. 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa
  • 70.
    2002, A DECISIVEYEAR (1) February 14, 2002. Budapest Open Access Initiative (BOAI) launched by the Open Society Institute. February 25, 2002. OAIster launched by the University of Michigan Libraries Digital Library Production Services. May 15, 2002. Creative Commons launched by Lawrence Lessig. August 1, 2002. Project RoMEO (Rights MEtadata for Open archiving) launched by JISC-FAIR. AICKM Meeting. 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa
  • 71.
    2002, A DECISIVEYEAR (2) August 15, 2002. CERN released CDSWare, its OAI-compliant open-source software for document servers. November 4, 2002. MIT released DSpace, its OAI-compliant open-source software for archiving eprints and other academic content. November 8, 2002. The Public Knowledge Project released Open Journal Systems, its open-source journal management and publishing software. December 17, 2002. The Public Library of Science received a $9 million grant from the Moore Foundation for open-access publishing and announced its first two open-access journals. AICKM Meeting. 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa
  • 72.
    MAY 1, 2003.FEDORA (FLEXIBLE EXTENSIBLE DIGITAL OBJECT AND REPOSITORY ARCHITECTURE) VERSION 1.0 WAS LAUNCHED BY THE UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA AND CORNELL UNIVERSITY. MAY 12, 2003. THE DIRECTORY OF OPEN ACCESS JOURNALS LAUNCHED BY LUND UNIVERSITY. OCTOBER 22, 2003. THE BERLIN DECLARATION ON OPEN ACCESS TO KNOWLEDGE IN THE SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES WAS RELEASED BY THE MAX PLANCK SOCIETY AND EUROPEAN CULTURAL HERITAGE ONLINE.
  • 73.
    2004…2006, THE PUBLISHERSMOVED June 3, 2004. Elsevier announced its new policy permitting authors to post the final editions of their full-text Elsevier articles to their personal web sites or institutional repositories. The policy was officially announced on June 3 but first publicized on May 27. July 3, 2004. Springer launched its Open Choice hybrid journal program. February 24, 2005. Blackwell Publishing launched its Online Open hybrid journal program. July 1, 2005. Oxford University Press launched its Oxford Open hybrid journal program. May 24, 2006. Elsevier launched its Sponsored-Article hybrid journal model. August 12, 2006. Cambridge University Press launched the Cambridge Open Option hybrid journal program. AICKM Meeting. 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa
  • 74.
    REFERENCES A VeryBrief Introduction to Open Access http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/brief.htm Promoting OA Mandates and Metrics http://users.ecs.soton.ac.uk/harnad/Temp/openaccess.ppt Kwasik & Fulda (2005) http://www.istl.org/05-summer/internet.html OA journal business models http://oad.simmons.edu/oadwiki/OA_journal_business_models Registry of Open Access Repositories http://www.opendoar.org/ OAI conforming repositories http://www.openarchives.org/Register/BrowseSites Service providers http://www.openarchives.org/service/listproviders.html CIARD Ring http://ring.ciard.net/ Dspace http://www.dspace.org/ Justin Chisenga (2009) Copyright and Open access SHERPA/ROMEO http://www.sherpa.ac.uk/romeo/ Creative Commons http://creativecommons.org/ ROARMAP http://www.eprints.org/openaccess/policysignup Budapest Open Access Initiative http://www.soros.org/openaccess/initiatives.shtml Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities http://oa.mpg.de/openaccess-berlin/berlindeclaration.html CIARD Manifesto http://www.ciard.net/ciard-manifesto Timeline of the Open Access Movement http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/timeline.htm AICKM Meeting. 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa
  • 75.
    Thank you foryour attention [email_address] AICKM Meeting. 30 th August – 3 rd September 2010. Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa

Editor's Notes

  • #14 This is the Limited Access and Limited Research Impact Cycle as it was in the paper era, and still is todaym in the online era: Within a 12-18 month cycle, the research is written up as the pre-refereeing preprint. The preprin t is submitted to a refereed journal for peer review. The preprint is revised in accordance with the referees’ feedback. The final, accepted draft, the postprint is published. If the would-be user’s university has toll-access, they access it. Some of these accesses lthen ead to use and citation in a new research cycle
  • #15 To maximise research access, supplement the existing system: Do as before, but also: Self-archive the preprint in your university’s Eprint Archive, so every would-be user can access it. Self-archive the postprint in your university’s Eprint Archive, so every would-be user can access it. Research access is maximized and so research impact is maximized.