APLICATION OF BIOINFORMATION ANALYST.pptx

APLICATION OF
BIOINFORMATION ANALYST

• Bioinformatics joins mathematics, statistics, and computer science and
information technology to solve complex biological problems.
• These problems are usually at the molecular level which cannot be
solved by other means.
• This interesting field of science has many applications and research
areas where it can be applied.

Various bioinformatics application can be categorized under following
groups:
• Sequence Analysis
• Function Analysis
• Structure Analysis

• Sequence Analysis: All the applications that analyzes various types of
sequence information and can compare between similar types of
information is grouped under Sequence Analysis.
• Function Analysis: These applications analyze the function engraved
within the sequences and helps predict the functional interaction
between various proteins or genes. Also expressional analysis of
various genes is a prime topic for research these days.

• Structure Analysis: When it comes to the realm of RNA and Proteins,
its structure plays a vital role in the interaction with any other thing.
This gave birth to a whole new branch
• termed Structural Bioinformatics with is devoted to predict the
structure and possible roles of these structures of Proteins or RNA

Sequence Analysis:
• The application of sequence analysis determines those genes which encode
regulatory sequences or peptides by using the information of sequencing.
• For sequence analysis, there are many powerful tools and computers
which perform the duty of analyzing the genome of various organisms.
These computers and tools also see the DNA mutations in an organism and
also detect and identify those sequences which are related. sequence
techniques are also used for sequence analysis of numerous fragments of
DNA. Special software is used to see the overlapping of fragments and
their assemblyShotgun

Prediction of Protein Structure
• It is easy to determine the primary structure of proteins in the form of
amino acids which are present on the DNA molecule but it is difficult
to determine the secondary, tertiary or quaternary structures of
proteins.
• For this purpose either the method of crystallography is used or tools
of bioinformatics can also be used to determine the complex protein
structures.

Genome Annotation:-
• In genome annotation, genomes are marked to know the regulatory
sequences and protein coding.
• It is a very important part of the human genome project as it
determines the regulatory sequences.

Comparative Genomics:-
• Comparative genomics is the branch of bioinformatics which
determines the genomic structure and function relation between
different biological species.
• For this purpose, intergenomic maps are constructed which enable the
scientists to trace the processes of evolution that occur in genomes of
different species.
• These maps contain the information about the point mutations as well
as the information about the duplication of large chromosomal
segments.

Health and Drug discovery
• The tools of bioinformatics are also helpful in drug discovery,
diagnosis and disease management.
• Complete sequencing of human genes has enabled the scientists to
make medicines and drugs which can target more than 500 genes.
• Different computational tools and drug targets has made the drug
delivery easy and specific because now only those cells can be
targeted which are diseased or mutated.
• It is also easy to know the molecular basis of a disease.

• Application of Bioinformatics in various Fields

Molecular medicine
• The human genome will have profound effects on the fields of
biomedical research and clinical medicine.
• Every disease has a genetic component.
• This may be inherited (as is the case with an estimated 3000-4000
hereditary disease including Cystic Fibrosis and Huntingtons disease)
or a result of the body's response to an environmental stress which
causes alterations in the genome (eg. cancers, heart disease, diabetes.).

• The completion of the human genome means that we can search for
the genes directly associated with different diseases and begin to
understand the molecular basis of these diseases more clearly.
• This new knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of disease will
enable better treatments, cures and even preventative tests to be
developed

Personalised medicine
• Clinical medicine will become more personalised with the
development of the field of pharmacogenomics.
• This is the study of how an individual's genetic inheritence affects the
body's response to drugs.
• At present, some drugs fail to make it to the market because a small
percentage of the clinical patient population show adverse affects to a
drug due to sequence variants in their DNA.

• As a result, potentially life saving drugs never make it to the
marketplace.
• Today, doctors have to use trial and error to find the best drug to treat a
particular patient as those with the same clinical symptoms can show a
wide range of responses to the same treatment.
• In the future, doctors will be able to analyse a patient's genetic profile
and prescribe the best available drug therapy and dosage from the
beginning.

Preventative medicine
• With the specific details of the genetic mechanisms of diseases being
unravelled, the development of diagnostic tests to measure a persons
susceptibility to different diseases may become a distinct reality.
• Preventative actions such as change of lifestyle or having treatment at
the earliest possible stages when they are more likely to be successful,
could result in huge advances in our struggle to conquer disease.

Gene therapy
• In the not too distant future, the potential for using genes themselves
to treat disease may become a reality.
• Gene therapy is the approach used to treat, cure or even prevent
disease by changing the expression of a persons genes.
• Currently, this field is in its infantile stage with clinical trials for
many different types of cancer and other diseases ongoing.

Drug development
• At present all drugs on the market target only about 500 proteins.
• With an improved understanding of disease mechanisms and using
computational tools to identify and validate new drug targets, more
specific medicines that act on the cause, not merely the symptoms, of
the disease can be developed.
• These highly specific drugs promise to have fewer side effects than
many of today's medicines.

Microbial genome applications
• Microorganisms are ubiquitous, that is they are found everywhere.
They have been found surviving and thriving in extremes of heat, cold,
radiation, salt, acidity and pressure.
• They are present in the environment, our bodies, the air, food and
water.
• Traditionally, use has been made of a variety of microbial properties in
the baking, brewing and food industries

• The arrival of the complete genome sequences and their potential to
provide a greater insight into the microbial world and its capacities
could have broad and far reaching implications for environment,
health, energy and industrial applications.

• For these reasons, in 1994, the US Department of Energy (DOE)
initiated the MGP (Microbial Genome Project) to sequence genomes
of bacteria useful in energy production, environmental cleanup,
industrial processing and toxic waste reduction.
• By studying the genetic material of these organisms, scientists can
begin to understand these microbes at a very fundamental level and
isolate the genes that give them their unique abilities to survive under
extreme conditions.

Waste cleanup
• Deinococcus radiodurans is known as the world's toughest bacteria
and it is the most radiation resistant organism known.
• Scientists are interested in this organism because of its potential
usefulness in cleaning up waste sites that contain radiation and toxic
chemicals

Climate change Studies
• Increasing levels of carbon dioxide emission, mainly through the
expanding use of fossil fuels for energy, are thought to contribute to
global climate change.
• Recently, the DOE (Department of Energy, USA) launched a program
to decrease atmospheric carbon dioxide levels.
• One method of doing so is to study the genomes of microbes that use
carbon dioxide as their sole carbon source.

Alternative energy sources
• Scientists are studying the genome of the microbe Chlorobium
tepidum which has an unusual capacity for generating energy from
light

Biotechnology
• The archaeon Archaeoglobus fulgidus and the bacterium Thermotoga
maritima have potential for practical applications in industry and
government-funded environmental remediation.
• These microorganisms thrive in water temperatures above the boiling
point and therefore may provide the DOE, the Department of Defence,
and private companies with heat-stable enzymes suitable for use in
industrial processes Other industrially useful microbes include,
Corynebacterium glutamicum which is of high industrial interest as a
research object because it is used by the chemical industry for the
biotechnological production of the amino acid lysine

• The substance is employed as a source of protein in animal nutrition.
Lysine is one of the essential amino acids in animal nutrition.
• Biotechnologically produced lysine is added to feed concentrates as a
source of protein, and is an alternative to soybeans or meat and bonemeal.
• Xanthomonas campestris pv. is grown commercially to produce the
exopolysaccharide xanthan gum, which is used as a viscosifying and
stabilising agent in many industries.
• Lactococcus lactis is one of the most important micro-organisms
involved in the dairy industry, it is a non-pathogenic rod-shaped
bacterium that is critical for

• manufacturing dairy products like buttermilk, yogurt and cheese.
• This bacterium, Lactococcus lactis ssp., is also used to prepare pickled
vegetables, beer, wine, some breads and sausages and other fermented
foods.
• Researchers anticipate that understanding the physiology and genetic
make- up of this bacterium will prove invaluable for food
manufacturers as well as the pharmaceutical industry, which is
exploring the capacity of L. lactis to serve as a vehicle for delivering
drugs.

Antibiotic resistance
• Scientists have been examining the genome of Enterococcus faecalis-a
leading cause of bacterial infection among hospital patients.
• They have discovered a virulence region made up of a number of
antibiotic-resistant genes that may contribute to the bacterium's
transformation from harmless gut bacteria to a menacing invader.
• The discovery of the region, known as a pathogenicity island, could
provide useful markers for detecting pathogenic strains and help to
establish controls to prevent the spread of infection in wards.

Forensic analysis of microbes
• Scientists used their genomic tools to help distinguish between the
strain of Bacillus anthryacis that was used in the summer of 2001
terrorist attack in Florida with that of closely related anthrax strains.

The reality of bioweapon creation
• Scientists have recently built the virus poliomyelitis using entirely
artificial means.
• They did this using genomic data available on the Internet and
materials from a mail-order chemical supply.
• The research was financed by the US Department of Defence as part
of a biowarfare response program to prove to the world the reality of
bioweapons.
• The researchers also hope their work will discourage officials from
ever relaxing programs of immunisation. This project has been met
with very mixed feeelings

Evolutionary studies
• The sequencing of genomes from all three domains of life, eukaryota,
bacteria and archaea means that evolutionary studies can be performed
in a quest to determine the tree of life and the last universal common
ancestor.

Crop improvement
• Comparative genetics of the plant genomes has shown that the
organisation of their genes has remained more conserved over
evolutionary time than was previously believed.
• These findings suggest that information obtained from the model crop
systems can be used to suggest improvements to other food crops.
• At present the complete genomes of Arabidopsis thaliana (water
cress) and Oryza sativa (rice) are available.

Insect resistance
• Genes from Bacillus thuringiensis that can control a number of serious
pests have been successfully transferred to cotton, maize and potatoes.
• This new ability of the plants to resist insect attack means that the
amount of insecticides being used can be reduced and hence the
nutritional quality of the crops is increased.

Improve nutritional quality
• Scientists have recently succeeded in transferring genes into rice to
increase levels of Vitamin A, iron and other micronutrients.
• This work could have a profound impact in reducing occurrences of
blindness and anaemia caused by deficiencies in Vitamin A and iron
respectively.
• Scientists have inserted a gene from yeast into the tomato, and the
result is a plant whose fruit stays longer on the vine and has an
extended shelf life.

Development of Drought resistance
varieties
• Progress has been made in developing cereal varieties that have a
greater tolerance for soil alkalinity, free aluminium and iron toxicities.
• These varieties will allow agriculture to succeed in poorer soil areas,
thus adding more land to the global production base.
• Research is also in progress to produce crop varieties capable of
tolerating reduced water conditions.

Veterinary Science
• Sequencing projects of many farm animals including cows, pigs and
sheep are now well under way in the hope that a better understanding
of the biology of these organisms will have huge impacts for
improving the production and health of livestock and ultimately have
benefits for human nutrition.

Comparative Studies
• Analysing and comparing the genetic material of different species is an
important method for studying the functions of genes, the mechanisms of
inherited diseases and species evolution.
• Bioinformatics tools can be used to make comparisons between the
numbers, locations and biochemical functions of genes in different
organisms.
• Organisms that are suitable for use in experimental research are termed
model organisms. They have a number of properties that make them ideal
for research purposes including short life spans, rapid reproduction, being
easy to handle, inexpensive and they can be manipulated at the genetic
level.

• An example of a human model organism is the mouse. Mouse and
human are very closely related (>98%) and for the most part we see a
one to one correspondence between genes in the two species.
• Manipulation of the mouse at the molecular level and genome
comparisons between the two species can and is revealing detailed
information on the functions of human genes, the evolutionary
relationship between the two species and the molecular mechanisms of
many human diseases.

APLICATION OF BIOINFORMATION ANALYST.pptx

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