Capstone Slides of Information.pptx

2
Introduction to Sustainability and Eco-
friendliness

“
The purpose of this research study is
to inform on current environmental
issues and give insight on habits that
will better the welfare of Earth.
There are certain barriers that may
have prevented someone from
learning about sustainability, which
is no fault of theirs. However, it is
now our duty as a growing
generation to equip ourselves with a
strong understanding of the existing
issues that are consistently
degrading our Earth.

Food Waste vs Food Loss
⋄ There are two main kinds of wasted food: food loss and food waste. Food loss is the bigger
category, and incorporates any edible food that goes uneaten at any point. It includes food
that’s uneaten in homes and stores, crops left in the field, food that spoils in
transportation, and all other food that doesn’t make it to a store. Some amount of food is
lost at nearly every stage of food production.
⋄ Food waste is a specific piece of food loss, defined by “food discarded by retailers due to
color or appearance and plate waste by consumers.” Food waste includes the half-eaten
meal left on the plate at a restaurant, food scraps from making a meal at home or the sour
milk that is gets poured down the drain.
5

Food Waste & Loss
⋄ Up to 40% of the food produced in the United States is wasted. Not only do individual
consumers waste large amounts of food (about 20 lbs per person per month), but food is
regularly discarded by producers, restaurants, and grocery stores as well. For example, when
fruits and vegetables are harvested in the field, almost half is left behind to rot because it
does not fit to certain standards like size, shape, or color.
⋄ Grocery stores routinely over stock their shelves because they know shoppers buy less
when the supply gets low. In order to avoid running out, restaurants often make large
batches of popular menu items. At the end of each day, food that isn’t purchased may
end up in the trash. In most cases, the discarded food is buried in landfills.
6

Food Waste & Environmental Impact
⋄ Only 5% of food is reused in the US and as a result, uneaten food is the single largest
component of solid waste. In landfills, food gradually breaks down to form
methane, a greenhouse gas that’s up to 86 times more powerful than carbon
dioxide.
⋄ Consumer food waste also has serious implications for energy usage. Food waste is
responsible for more than 25 percent of all the freshwater consumption in the US
each year, and is among the leading causes of fresh water pollution.
7

Activity
⋄ Food Waste Map Example
8

Habits of the Day
1. Eat Ugly
Don’t judge food by its appearance!
Oddly-shaped or bruised fruits and
vegetables are often overlooked
because they don’t meet cosmetic
standards. Don’t fright - they taste
the same! Use mature fruit for
smoothies, juices and desserts.
3. FIFO Yourself
Be like a chief and follow this rule of
thumb: First In, First Out (FIFO). When
unloading your groceries rotate older
items to the front so they’ll be grabbed
first. In the fruit bowl, for example,
place new apples underneath older
ones which become easier to grab.
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2. Label Others
There is a difference between “best
before” and “use-by” dates.
Sometimes food is still safe to eat
after the “best before” date, the
“use-by” date that tells you when it
is no longer safe to eat.

Habits of the Day (Continued)
5. Needs, Not Excuses
Plan your meals. Make a shopping list and
stick to it, and avoid impulse buys. Not only
will you waste less food, you’ll also save
money!
10
4. Love Thy Leftovers
Up to a half pound of food is wasted per
restaurant meal served. You can also ask for
smaller plates, smaller portions, or even half
portions.Try to order less, or take home what you
did not eat! Bonus: If you know a restaurant
owner, try to implement a suggestion box.

12
Introduction to Energy
Efficiency

Energy Efficiency
13
Using less energy through efficiency measures is good for the economy and your wallet. By reducing the
amount of energy required for certain tasks, energy efficiency is also good for the planet. There are two
categories of energy efficiency:
● Energy conservation means reducing energy by producing or using less of it. This could be in the
form of using fewer energy services or using devices that require less energy. Refraining from using
services or products is one way to conserve energy, but this can also be done by using more energy
efficient products designed to consume less energy than their standard counterparts.
● Energy efficiency refers to using technology that requires less energy to perform the same desired
task or function as other high-energy using tools. Energy efficiency relies on technology that utilizes
less energy to do the same or similar thing as a comparable device. Simply, it only requires
changing the technology/service/item that is used on a daily basis.

Power Down
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Given that energy cannot be created or destroyed, energy conservation is about conserving it rather than eliminating
it. One of the most effective methods to conserve energy is to turn things down that require a lot of heat or
energy.
● Heating a home or office a lot of energy, and even turning the thermostat down by a degree or two can
create energy savings equivalent to taking several cars off the road. The same goes for water heating:
using cold water for regular tasks, from washing dishes to washing clothes, will conserve a lot of energy
over time.
● Turning down the heat on your shower is another way to help conserve energy. Even turning a hot water
shower down to a nice warm one reduces the amount of energy needed to heat the water. To save even
more, try shortening the length of time you spend in the shower by just two minutes. Doing so can cut
your water consumption by 10 gallons considering the average shower uses five gallons of water per
minute.

Off and Unplugged
15
● Some things are better to be turn off completely, as they use energy even when not being
actively used. While it’s better to turn the heat down rather than off (because spaces need
to be heated to at least some degree), many appliances and devices should be unplugged or
switched off when not in use. Turning off a ceiling fan or air conditioner when leaving a
room helps a great deal to conserve energy, as does shutting off the television when
nobody is watching it.
○ Appliances such as televisions, stereos, computers, and more also draw energy from
the power grid when plugged into a wall even when they are shut off. To reduce
energy usage, make sure these devices are completely unplugged and not connected
to a power source when not in use.

Energy Sources
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Sources of energy can be put into two categories; nonrenewable energy and renewable energy
● Nonrenewable energy is energy that can be used up. In other words, sources of energy that are used faster
than they can be created. Nonrenewable energy sources include oil, natural gas, coal, and nuclear.
● Renewable energy is energy that can be renewed in a short amount of time, or is being continually replenished
or regenerated. These types of energy are not used as fast as they are created. Renewable energy sources
include solar, wind, geothermal, biomass, ocean and hydro (water).
○ Keep in mind, energy is always being used. It is neither created or destroyed. Energy is used when we
use lights, showers, cars or heat buildings, run appliances, or manufacture clothes and toys. We also
use energy when we exercise (jogging, aerobics), play sports or walk to class. Energy conservation is
when we do something to reduce the amount of energy we use, such as turning off the lights, taking
shorter showers, or riding a bike (instead of going by car) to school.

Energy Efficiency Importance
17
Energy efficiency is very important for several reasons. Along with reducing our reliance on non-renewable energy
resources (like fossil fuels), it also helps save you money on energy costs, including utility bills and other energy bills.
Conserving energy also cuts down on expanding development where natural resource extraction (such as oil or even
lithium) is impacting natural areas. When we conserve energy and use it more efficiently, we directly reduce the
amount of greenhouse gas emissions entering the Earth’s atmosphere.
● Energy conservation matters to consumers because of the economic and environmental benefits it offers.
Conserving energy results in lower living expenses as energy savings leads to monetary savings. Along with
helping consumers keep more cash in their pockets, it also helps protect the environment from excess
resource use and carbon dioxide emissions. Energy conservation also benefits wildlife and natural areas by
lessening the demand for new power plants. This is even true with carbon-free and renewable energy sources.
For example, hydroelectric dams can damage aquatic areas, wind farms are potentially dangerous for birds,
and nuclear waste can cause devastating harm if leaked into the ecosystem.

Habits of the Day
19
1. Air it Out
Air-dry dishes, clothes and
maybe yourself! Instead of
using your dishwasher’s
drying feature, consider
letting the dishes air-dry. Also,
hang your clothes outside to
dry can be inexpensive way to
dry clothes.
2. Hot n’ Cold
Try letting your home be a little
hotter in the summer and a
little cooler in the winter. A
good rule of thumb is to set
the thermostat to 68
degrees Fahrenheit in the
winter and to 78 in the
summer.
3. Wide Load
Do full loads of laundry!. Make
sure your dishwasher and
washing machine are full
before running them to get
the most energy-saving use
from each run cycle.

20
4. Don’t be Speed Racer
Try driving below the speed limit.
Going at least 5-10 mph on your
commutes can count down on
carbon dioxide emissions and
reduce your gas bills.
5. Turn off the Lights
You heard from your mother, you will
hear it one more time. Turn off the lights!
One of the easiest eco-friendly habits is
to turning off lights when not in a room
or you are using the lights. The same
thing goes for appliances. Make sure to
unplug and turn off when not in use!

Pollution
⋄ Pollution is the introduction of harmful materials into the environment. These harmful
materials are called pollutants. Pollutants can be natural, such as volcanic ash. They can
also be created by human activity, such as trash or runoff produced by factories.
Pollutants damage the quality of air, water, and land.
⋄ Many things that are useful to people produce pollution. Cars spew pollutants from
their exhaust pipes. Burning coal to create electricity pollutes the air. Industries and
homes generate garbage and sewage that can pollute the land and water. Pesticides—
chemical poisons used to kill weeds and insects—seep into waterways and harm wildlife.
23

Types of Pollution
⋄ Pollution is a global problem. Although urban areas are usually more polluted
than the countryside, pollution can spread to remote places where no people
live. For example, pesticides and other chemicals have been found in the
Antarctic ice sheet. In the middle of the northern Pacific Ocean, a huge
collection of microscopic plastic particles forms what is known as the Great
Pacific Garbage Patch.
⋄ The three major types of pollution are air pollution, water pollution, and
land pollution.
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Air Pollution
⋄ Sometimes, air pollution is visible. A person can see dark smoke pour from the
exhaust pipes of large trucks or factories, for example. More often, however, air
pollution is invisible. Polluted air is very dangerous, even if the pollutants are invisible.
It can make people’s eyes burn and make them have difficulty breathing. It can also
increase the risk of lung cancer.Most air pollution is not natural, however. It comes
from burning fossil fuels—coal, oil, and natural gas. When gasoline is burned to power
cars and trucks, it produces carbon monoxide, a colorless, odorless gas. The gas is
harmful in high concentrations, or amounts. City traffic also produces highly
concentrated carbon monoxide.
25

Air Pollution (Continued)
⋄ Cars and factories produce other common pollutants, including nitrogen oxide, sulfur
dioxide, and hydrocarbons. These chemicals react with sunlight to produce smog, a thick
fog or haze of air pollution. The smog is so thick in Linfen, China, that people can seldom
see the sun. Smog can be brown or grayish blue.
⋄ Greenhouse gases are another source of air pollution. Greenhouse gases such as carbon
dioxide and methane occur naturally in the atmosphere. In fact, they are necessary for
life on Earth. This pollutant is beneficial and necessary to the environment. They absorb
sunlight reflected from Earth, preventing it from escaping into space. By trapping heat in
the atmosphere, they keep Earth warm enough for people to live. This is called the
greenhouse effect.
26

Water Pollution
⋄ Polluted water can look clean, but is actually filled with harmful chemicals you can’t see or
smell. Some polluted water looks muddy, smells bad, and has garbage floating in it. Polluted
water is unsafe for drinking and swimming. Some people who drink polluted water are
exposed to hazardous chemicals that may make them sick years later. Others consume
bacteria and other tiny aquatic organisms that cause disease. The United Nations estimates
that 4,000 children die every day from drinking dirty water.
⋄ Sometimes, polluted water harms people indirectly. People can get sick because the
fish they have eaten lived in polluted water. Therefore, making the fish unsafe to eat.
Too many pollutants in their flesh will cause an individual to become sick.
28

Water Pollution (Continued)
Human activity also contributes to water pollution. Chemicals and oils from factories
are often dumped or seep into waterways. These chemicals are called runoff.
Chemicals in runoff can create a toxic environment for aquatic life. Runoff can also
help create a fertile environment or make it easy for cyanobacteria to grow, also
called blue-green algae. Cyanobacteria reproduce rapidly, creating a harmful algal
bloom (HAB). Harmful algal blooms prevent organisms such as plants and fish from
living in the ocean. They are associated with “dead zones” in the world’s lakes and
rivers, places where little animal life exists below surface water.
29

Water Pollution (Continued)
⋄ A major source of water pollution is fertilizer used in agriculture. Fertilizer is material
added to soil to make plants grow larger and faster. Fertilizers usually contain large
amounts of the elements nitrogen and phosphorus, which help plants grow. Rainwater
washes fertilizer into streams and lakes. There, the nitrogen and phosphorus can
cause cyanobacteria to form harmful algal blooms.
⋄ Oil spills are another source of water pollution. In April 2010, the Deepwater
Horizon oil rig exploded in the Gulf of Mexico, causing oil to gush from the
ocean floor. In the following months, hundreds of millions of gallons of oil
poured into the gulf waters.
30

Land Pollution
⋄ Many of the same pollutants that foul the water also harm the land. Mining sometimes leaves
the soil contaminated with dangerous chemicals. Pesticides and fertilizers from agricultural
fields are blown by the wind. They can harm plants, animals, and sometimes people. Some
fruits and vegetables absorb the pesticides that help them grow. When people consume the
fruits and vegetables, the pesticides enter their bodies. Some pesticides can cause cancer and
other diseases.
⋄ Trash is another form of land pollution. Around the world, paper, cans, glass jars,
plastic products, and junked cars and appliances mar the landscape. Litter makes it
difficult for plants and other producers in the food web to create nutrients. Animals
can die if they mistakenly eat plastic.
31

Land Pollution (Continued)
⋄ Some communities do not have adequate garbage collection systems, and
trash lines the side of roads. In other places, garbage washes up on beaches.
Kamilo Beach, in the U.S. state of Hawaii, is littered with plastic bags and
bottles carried in by the tide. The trash is dangerous to ocean life and reduces
economic activity in the area. Tourism is Hawaii’s largest industry. Polluted
beaches discourage tourists from investing in the area’s hotels, restaurants,
and recreational activities.
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Reducing Pollution
⋄ Around the world, people and governments are making efforts to combat pollution.
Recycling, for instance, is becoming more common. In recycling, trash is processed so
its useful materials can be used again. Glass, aluminum cans, and many types of plastic
can be melted and reused. Paper can be broken down and turned into new paper.
⋄ Recycling reduces the amount of garbage that ends up in landfills, incinerators,
and waterways. Austria and Switzerland have the highest recycling rates. These
nations recycle between 50 and 60 percent of their garbage. The United States
recycles about 30 percent of its garbage.
33

Reducing Pollution
Governments can combat pollution by passing laws that limit the
amount and types of chemicals factories and agribusinesses are allowed
to use. The smoke from coal-burning power plants can be filtered.
People and businesses that illegally dump pollutants into the land, water,
and air can be fined for millions of dollars. Some government programs,
such as the Superfund program in the United States, can force polluters
to clean up the sites they polluted.
34

Habits of the Day
35
1. Get the Real Thing
The plastic bottles are one the
biggest contributor to landfills.
Every minute a million of bottles
are used and only the 9% can be
recycled. The remains are sit in
our landfill for years. A good
alternative is to use a reusable
bottle or canteen.
2. Spread your seeds
Planting a tree in your garden is one of
the best way to reduce air pollution.
The trees absorbs the carbon dioxide
and produce oxygen, by improving the
air of the cities with positive effects on
the health. More trees means cleaner
air.
3. Become Self-Made
Home made food, natural soaps,
preserves, jams, body creams or
infusions…you name it, it has been
done. Homemade/ DIY is one of the
best choices to save and live in a
more sustainable way.. Sometimes
we need just a few simple
ingredients to produce at home
what we need. There are tons of
things to make with simple
household ingredients.

Habits of the Day
36
4. Let There be Light
Count the bulbs you have in your home.
Change them to LED light bulbs that last
longer than conventional bulbs and far
more efficient. They’re also available in
a varied range of brightness and designs
that you can tailor the lighting to suit
your room. This way, you’ll be using less
power. They can be pricey, so start
small!
5. Wide Load
Composting is a natural process that takes
remains of plants and kitchen waste and
converts it into rich nutrient food for your
plants that helps them grow. It reduces
the amount of garbage that goes to
landfills, which pollutes the air. Simply,
take old food scraps and replant them to
make other foods. It is a great step to
improve the environment!

4. GLOBAL
WARMING/
CLIMATE
CHANGE
38

Global Warming vs Climate Change
⋄ Global warming is the long-term heating of Earth’s surface observed.
Global warming has been occurring since the pre-industrial period
(between 1850 and 1900) due to human activities, primarily fossil fuel
burning, which increases heat-trapping greenhouse gas levels in Earth’s
atmosphere.
⋄ Climate change is a long-term change in the average weather patterns.
Climate change has come to define Earth’s local, regional and global
climates.
39

Global Warming
Global warming only describes the increase in global average temperature. The
current global average temperature is 59°F and is projected to increase 3-7°F by
2100. It is generally agreed upon that the man-made increase in greenhouse
gases due to the burning of fossil fuels is causing or expediting this warming.
The rise in global average temperature doesn’t mean the temperature will
increase by the same amount everywhere. It doesn’t even mean that everywhere
in the world will get warmer. It just means that the average global temperature
is increasing. This is where climate change comes in.
40

Global Warming
Every year over the past decade, CO2 concentrations (the most common
greenhouse gas) have been steeply rising and are now at their highest
levels in more than 60 years of observation. 2016 was the hottest year on
record, with 2020 coming number #2 as the Earth's second hottest year.
41

Climate Change
⋄ Climate change refers to the change in climates around the world over time. Climate change
means more than just a change in temperature, but a change in global weather patterns which
could affect precipitation averages and extremes, too.
⋄ One effect of global warming could be that the northern part of the Northern
Hemisphere will likely warm up more than other parts of the globe. This is because the
increased temperatures are likely to melt large polar ice fields, replacing the ice with
darker open ground. The dark ground would absorb sunlight much more quickly than
the reflective ice did, leading to strong heating. Other effects could result in some
locations getting more rain while others will be more likely to have long-term droughts.
42

Climate Change
⋄ Just as fluctuations in Earth’s temperature is natural, a changing climate is a natural aspect of
life on Earth. However, the term climate change refers to unexpected, abnormal, and longer-
term changes brought on by human activity.
⋄ The effects of climate change include a broad range of changes, which, over the last
century, have become undeniable. There have been more droughts, floods, and
heatwaves, sea levels have risen, biodiversity has been lost, and wildfires and
hurricanes have become more intense than ever before. All of which point to a
dramatically and rapidly changing climate.
43

Solutions
⋄ Many will say that reversing global warming is impossible, but there is still something that
can be done help. While instant climate change solutions are impossible, what we can do is
preserve our quality of life and build a better world for the generations to come. Reversing
climate change is a marathon, not a sprint.
⋄ By implementing certain practices now ike reducing emissions now, we can slow the
devastating effects of climate change. Only when humanity reaches the drawdown stage of
emissions can the planet’s climate begin to stabilize. Figuring out how to combat climate
change must go further than making minor changes to your personal carbon footprint.
Recycling and reusing can only go so far. There needs to be a unified front from society to
pursue effective solutions for climate changes.
44

45
1. Gas Out
Use your car less, whenever
possible, instead use sustainable
transportation, such as bicycling,
or use public transportation
more often. In the case of long-
distance travel, trains are more
sustainable than airplanes.
2. Mr. Meaty
A low-carbon diet results in smarter
consumption. Reduce your meat
consumption (livestock is one of the
biggest contaminators of the
atmosphere) and increase your
consumption of fruits and
vegetables.

46
3. The Three R’s
Reduce, Reuse, Recycle! Reduce
waste by choosing reusable
products instead of disposables.
Buying products with little
packaging will help to reduce
waste. If there isn’t a recycling
program at your workplace or
school, ask about starting one!
4. Renew your non-
renewables
Clean sources of energy such as solar and
wind power are renewable and can be
replaced naturally — unlike gasoline,
natural gas, coal and fossil fuels. Ask your
utility company how to opt in to
renewable energy. It may cost a little
upfront but it save you money in the long
run!

Water Conservation
⋄ Water Conservation is the pratice of using water efficiently and to avoid making
unnecessary waste. It is essential to ensure that we have adequate water today and into
the future. Water is a finite resource. The supply on Earth today is the same as what
was here at the beginning of the planet. It is up to all of us to use water wisely, and it is
as simple as each of us making small changes.
⋄ Water conservation has become an essential practice in every part of the world, even
in regions where water appears to be enough. It is the most practical and
environment-friendly approach to lessen our need for water. Likewise, using less
water puts less weight on our sewage treatment facilities, which use an ample amount
of energy for heating water.
48

Water Conservation (Continued)
⋄ Even though water may seem to be an abundant natural
resource, only 0.025% of it is safe to drink. Therefore,
clean water is actually quite rare, and some 2.2 billion
people have no access to it whatsoever.
49

Water Conservation Issues
⋄ The main issues with water are water shortages, shortages of clean water, and
waterborne diseases. A lack of access to safe water caused 80% of all deaths
worldwide. More than 5 million people die each year from water-related diseases
such as hepatitis A, dysentery, and severe diarrhea.
⋄ Approximately 900 million to 1.1 billion people worldwide lack clean drinking
water, and 2.4 billion lack basic sanitation. Water demand is increasing at a rate
faster than population growth. All this while drought, overuse, and pollution have
decreased the supplies. To make up for this shortfall, water is often taken from
lakes, rivers, and wetlands, which is causing significant environmental damage.
50

Water Conservation Issues (Continued)
⋄ According to a 2003 United Nations report, "Across the globe, groundwater is being
depleted by the demands of megacities and agriculture, while fertilizer runoff and
pollution are threatening water quality and public health."
⋄ It seems there are alarming predictions every week related to water, such as
disease, crop disasters, starvation, famines, and war. Safe drinking water and
sanitation are major challenges in many developing countries, from shanty towns
and areas to urban poor cities. At least in rural areas, the poor can dig wells
and take care of the sanitation in their fields.
51

Water Conservation Solutions
⋄ We don’t need to get to that point where we have no more water for our needs. If every
individual can commit to `1-2 water conservation habits today, it will not only allow for
better choices t0 be made but also strengthening our water systems and water reservoirs
even further.
⋄ We have first to understand that the preservation of water is the obligation of each
person. It is to be done as a whole. No government authority or institution can help
us save water unless we desire to. Right now is a high time to do so.
⋄ Reducing water use reduces the energy required to process and deliver it to homes,
businesses, farms, and communities. Which in turn helps to reduce pollution and
conserve fuel resources.
52

Water Conservation Importance
Clearly, water is very important! But to show you really how important and why we
must invest our time and effort into water conservation, read through the following
facts:
⋄ There’s a lot of water on earth but less than 2% of it is fresh water. And, only 1%
of the water on Earth is available to us for drinking.
⋄ At home, we consume the most water when showering and bathing. Flushing a
toilet isn’t far behind either, and it can add up to nearly 20 gallons a day.
⋄ Human diets are pretty water-dependent too. It is estimated that it can take
around a 1000 gallons a day (per person!) to produce the average American diet.
53

Water Conservation Benefits
⋄ Conserving water saves energy. Energy is important to filter, heat, and pump
water to your home, so lessening your water use likewise decreases your
carbon traces or your carbon footprint.
⋄ Consuming less water keeps more in our environments and aids with keeping
wetland habitats best for creatures like otters, water voles, herons, and fish.
This is particularly significant during dry season periods.
⋄ Conserving water can save you money. If you have a water meter, the less
water you use, the less you might be charged by your water company.
54

Habits of the Day
55
1. Fill Her Up
Don’t run the dishwasher or
washing machine until it’s full
Do you prefer putting your dirty
dishes in the washer as you use
them? While this is a great way to
maintain a sparkly kitchen, so
much water goes to waste.
Instead, run your dishwasher or
washing machine only when it’s
full.
2. Pipe it Up
Make sure to regularly check pipes
in your home. Have you noticed a
sudden spike in your water bill?
There’s a good chance that you
have a leak somewhere. Get a
plumber to check your pipes for
any leaks and save water and cash.
3. The Wash
This is the only time
transportation costs are
justified. Washing your car at
home with a hose uses more
water than if you took it to a
carwash. Make sure to take your
car to the car wash. Most if not
all recycles the water.

Habits of the Day
56
56
4. Kick the Bucket
A lot of rainwater goes to waste.
Harvest roof water from gutters and
downspouts and use it to water your
plants instead of using your hose or
sprinkler.
5. It has all the Fixtures
If you’re looking for ways on how to save
water at home consider installing
efficiency enhancing fixtures.
Aerate your faucets, get a low-flow toilet,
install a low-flow showerhead and use a
Watersense-rated dishwasher and
washing machine. All these will save
water big time.

“
Congratulations, you have finished the
instructional study! Thank you for your
participation for conducting research!
If you have any questions or concerns
regarding anything discussed, please
submit an email to jwins33@wgu.edu.
Your inquiries are a priority and I will
get back to you as soon as possible.
Thank you again for your time and I
hope you have learned something that
can be applicable to your daily life.
♡

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