COGNITION And MEMORY UNIT III 5th semester.pptx

COGNITION And MEMORY UNIT III 5th semester.pptx

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  COGNITION Dr Aliya DPT OMPT(IIRS) LECTURER: BUMHS,QTA
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  Table of Content •Cognitive science • Cognition definition • History • Cognitive Development and theory: stages of cognitive development • Memory: Types and stages of Memory
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  Cognitive Science • cognitivescience, the scientific study of thought, language, and the brain—in short, the scientific study of the mind.
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  Cognition • The termcognition is a much richer term. In Neisser’s landmark book Cognitive Psychology ( 1967 ), • he stated that cognition “refers to all the processes by which the sensory input is transformed, reduced, elaborated, stored, recovered, and used . . including such terms as sensation, perception, imagery, retention, recall, problem solving, and thinking. • Currently, Cognition is the collection of mental processes and activities used in perceiving, remembering, thinking, and understanding, as well as the act of using those processes.
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  Cognitive development • Cognitivedevelopment requires at minimum, the processes of attention and memory, both of which begin during infancy and continue to improve through childhood and adolescence. Associated with myelination and glucose uptake activity in the developing brain.
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  History • Jean Piaget,a Swiss psychologist was particularly concerned with the way thinking develops in children from birth till they become young adults. To understand the nature of this development, Piaget carefully observed the behaviour of his own three kids. He used to present problems to them, observe responses slightly after the situations and again observe their responses. Piaget called this method of exploring development clinical interview.
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  Continue… • Piaget believedthat humans also adapt to their physical and social environments in which they live. The process of adaptation begins since birth. Piaget saw this adaptation in terms of two basic processes: Assimilation and Accommodation. • Assimilation. It refers to the process by which new objects and events are grasped or incorporated within the scope of existing schemes or structures. Accommodation. It is the process through which the existing schemes or structure is modified to meet the resistance to straightforward grasping or assimilation of a new object or event.
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  COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT THEORY (JeanPiaget) • According to Piaget there are 4 basic elements in development: 1. Maturation. 2. Experience. 3. Social transmission (learning through language, schooling or teaching by parents) 4. Equilibrium.
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  Stages of cognitivedevelopment. • Piaget has identified 4 sequential stages through which every individual progresses in cognitive development. Each stage has an age span with distinctive learning capabilities. This would be helpful in framing curriculum. And understanding of this development sequence is indispensable for parents as well as for teachers because these influences a great deal during infancy, childhood and adolescence. The 4 developmental stages are discussed below
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  1. Sensori-Motor Stage •. This stage begins at birth and lasts till the child is about 2 years old. It is called Sensori-Motor Stage, • children’s thinking involves seeing, hearing, moving, touching, testing and so on. This stage marks a transitional stage for a person from a biological to a psychological being. In the first few weeks of life the baby’s behaviour consists simply of reflex responses, such as sucking, stepping and grasping. • Later the reflex disappears and the baby chooses what and when to grasp. During this period the infants attain the concept of object permanence, This refers to the understanding that objects and events continue to exist even when they cannot directly be seen, heard or touched. Till this kind of understanding is achieved, an object that is out of sight remains out of mind and therefore, becomes non-existent. A second major accomplishment in the Sensori-Motor period is learning to reverse actions. E.g., we give a toy to a child that has ten detachable parts. We detach all parts. Through trial and error, the child gradually learns to attach all the parts of the toy
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  2. Pre-Operational Stage(2 to 7 Years). • This stage is called Pre-Operational because the children have not yet mastered the ability to perform mental operations. Children’s thinking during this stage is governed by what is seen rather than by logical principles. Following are the accomplishments of Pre-Operational Stage: a.Semantic function. During this stage the child develops the ability to think using symbols and signs. Symbols represent something or someone else; for example, a doll may symbolize a baby, child or an adult. b. Egocentrism. This stage is characterized by egocentrism. Children believe that their way of thinking is the only way to think. c. Decentering. A pre-operational child has difficulty in seeing more than one dimension or aspects of situation. It is called decentering.
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  Conti… • d. Animism.Children tend to refer to inanimate objects as if they have life-like qualities and are capable of actions. • e. Seriation. They lack the ability of classification or grouping objects into categories. • f. Conservation. It refers to the understanding that certain properties of an object remain the same despite a change in their appearance.
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  3. Concrete OperationalStage (7 to 11 years). • At this stage a child is concerned with the integration of stability of his cognitive systems. He learns to add, subtract, multiply and divide. He is in a position to classify concrete objects. In short, children develop the abilities of rational thinking but their thinking is tied to concrete objects.
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  4. Formal OperationalStage (11 & above). • This type is characterised by the emergence of logical thinking and reasoning. Other important cognitive attainments during this period are: the ability to think about the hypothetical possibilities and to solve problems through logical deductions and in a systematic manner.
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  Memory • Storage ofinformation in brain. Hippocampus (particularly for LTM), Amygdala Mammillary bodies, thalamus and hypothalamus are involved in memory storage. NMDA receptors in brain, calcium and acetylcholine play an important role in memory storage.
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  Stages in Memory: •1. Encoding: During this stage, sensory information is received and then transformed into neural impulses. Incoming information held for one to two seconds by sensory memory Information selected by attention is then transfer to short-term memory. If new information is not attended it is forgotten • II. Storage: Selectively attended sensory information during the encoding stage is stored in mind. The storage of information is temporary or permanent. Information that used frequently is stored on more permanent basis. • III. Retrieval: Retrieval is a process of recall. Human memory works like a computer. Once anything is stored in our brain, we can recall it by its name. Organized and well-rehearsed information is easy to retrieve.
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  Types of Memory 1.Sensory Memory 2. Short term Memory 3. Long term Memory (Implicit/procedural, Semantic, Episodic)
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  Sensory Memory: • Storageof sensory events such sight sound and taste with no furthe processing or interpretation. We receive many stimuli at all the time so sensory memory stored for very short term. For example, if we see, an object the image will persist only for onehalf second. If we hear anything, sound echo held in our memory up to two second.
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  Short Term memory: •Selective attention converts sensory memory into short-term memoy Short term memory is also brief, but stored for longer time than sensory memory. Short-term memory is acting as temporary storehouse for information. Useless information is quickly removed from short-term memory forever. Short-term memory provides working memory where we do much of our thinking, dialing a phone number or remembering a shopping list.
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  Long term memory(LTM): • It is permanent Storage of information in brain Information stored in LTM on the basis on meaning and importance. Brain has limitless storage capacity; Hippocampus is particularly important for long-term memory. When information enters into STM its related knowledge is stored in LTM. Therefore, it is easier to build new information for a topic about we already know (stored in LTM). Rehearsal is a process which converts short term memory into long term memory. Three major categories of LTM:
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  THANK YOU