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Demystifying open access
The document discusses open access (OA), which refers to the free online availability of scholarly literature and data, supported by open licensing. It highlights the rapid growth of OA publishing, particularly in developing countries, and the benefits of OA for researchers and educators, such as increased citation impact and wider access to knowledge. Additionally, it addresses concerns about quality, funding, and control in the context of open access publishing.
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Demystifying open access
- 1. Demystifying Laura Czerniewicz &Eve Gray 27 October 2011
- 3. Open scholarship • Opencontent • Open research • Open licenses • Open data • Open practices • Open access
- 4. What is openaccess? • Open Access (OA) literature is online and free of charge • OA often refers to journals, can apply to all content • OA is supported by open licensing • OA provides free access to the user • OA refers to data as well
- 5. 2001 An old traditionand a new technology have converged to make possible an unprecedented public good. The old tradition is the 2001 willingness of scientists and scholars to publish the fruits of their research in scholarly journals without payment, for the sake of inquiry and knowledge. The new technology is the internet. The public good they make possible is the world-wide electronic distribution of the peer-reviewed journal literature and completely free and unrestricted access to it by all scientists, scholars, teachers, students, and other curious minds. Removing access barriers to this literature will accelerate research, enrich education, share the learning of the rich with the poor and the poor with the rich, make this literature as useful as it can be, and lay the foundation for uniting humanity in a common intellectual conversation and quest for knowledge. For various reasons, this kind of free and unrestricted online availability, which we will call open access, has so far been limited to small portions of the journal literature….
- 6. Content types • Articles(pre-print / post-print/official published • Publication outputs by version, depending on publishers’ agreements) • Conference proceedings discipline • Reports • Books • Book chapters • Research data • Podcasts • Multimedia Research Information Network Report, (2009) Communicating Knowledge
- 7. Open Access TheGreen Route • Self archiving – Institutional Repositories – Subject Repositories – Departmental, research project, individual websites • Archiving of a version • Check Sherpa Romeo for publisher agreements
- 14. Open Access TheGold Route • Publishing in OA journals – Commercial (PLOS, Biomed Central) – Society (numerous) – Universities • Rapid growth of open access publishing - now 7,000 journals listed and 600,000 articles
- 15. Salvatore Miele CERNOAI17 2011
- 16. Salvatore Miele CERNOAI17 2011
- 18. African Journals • Overthe last five years there has been an increase of 543% • 40 African journals listed in 2007 to 217 in 2011 • In the last year countries such as Kenya, Ethiopia and Ghana have appeared on the list or substantially increased their presence
- 19. OA- the developing world • SciELO in Latin America - 800 journals, 300,000 articles • SCiELO South Africa, supported by the DST, run by the Academy of Science of SA • Bioline International provides a platform for developing country journals Swan, A 2011, http://www.wsis-community.org/mod/file/download.php?file_guid=37146
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- 25. From Study ofOpen Access Publishing Report, 2011, What Scientists Think
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- 27. OA and impact •31 studies in a wide range of disciplines on OA and citations advantage • 27 studies show up to 600% increase in impact • 4 studies show no difference Swan A (2010) The Open Access Citation Advantage: Studies and Results to Date. Available at http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/18516/
- 28. The OA advantage •(a) A General OA Advantage: the advantage that comes from citable articles becoming available to audiences that had not had access to them before, and who would find them citable • (b) An Early Advantage: the earlier an article is put before its worldwide potential audience may affect subsequent citation patters • (c) A Selection Bias: authors make their better articles Open Access more readily than their poorer articles • (d) A Quality Advantage: better articles gain more from the General OA Advantage because they are by definition more citable than poorer articles Swan A (2010) The Open Access Citation Advantage: Studies and Results to Date. Available at http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/18516/
- 29. OA impact: developing countries The influence of free access on citations is twice as large for the poorer countries in the developing world compared to richer countries as measured by per capita GNI (Evans and Reimer 2009).
- 30. UCT • UCT alreadypublishing in OA journals • Example: 61 articles in Biomed 2007-May „11
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- 32. Concern: quality • OA=peer review • Peer review = editorial processes • Quality varies in usual way • Not vanity publishing – No quality control in VP
- 34. Top 20 ImpactFactors 7 6.63 6 5.83 5.64 5.33 5.09 4.93 5 4.68 4.29 4.27 4.19 4.16 4.12 4.11 4.06 3.99 4 3.77 3.76 3.43 3.43 3.41 Impact Factors 3 2 1 0 Journal
- 35. Concerns: not inmy discipline • All disciplines • See DOAJ • But The distribution of open access journals over disciplines is rather even. Grouped together, however, two thirds of the journals and three quarters of the articles are in STM Dallmeier-Tiessen et al 2010
- 36. OA availability (bydiscipline) An example of analyses of 2008 figures Source: Open Access to the Scientific Journal Literature: Situation 2009. Björk B-C, Welling P, Laakso M, Majlender P, Hedlund T, et al. PLoS ONE 5(6): e11273. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0011273 (2010)
- 38. Open Access TheGold Route • Publishing in OA books • OAPEN www.oapen.org • Re-press www.re-press.org/ • Open Humanities Press www.openhumanitiespress.org • HSRC Press and image • Rapid growth of open access publishing - now 7,000 journals listed and 600,000 articles
- 39. HSRC Press distributesin 11 countries Downloads in 184 countries Online titles visited 22.5 times more often than copies bought
- 40. Concern: lose control •Belief that open access = copyright, loss of ownership • But OA = public domain • Instead with OA scholars gain control • Open licensing
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- 42. Concern: Funding &costs •Free to the user But • Costs to produce • Who pays?
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- 44. Costs & benefits Chan,L 24 October 2011 Opportunities for Scholarly Communications in Africa www.vimeo.com/30922669
- 45. Costs • Expected reductions …high-volume OA publishing seems structurally inescapable prices for OA publishing should start trending down as the number of outlets increases Kent Anderson 26 October 2011
- 46. Why it isimportant • Access to knowledge – Access to world knowledge – Contribution • Participation • Visibility – Prestige – Impact – Reputation
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- 49. Beyond Open Access OAis one element in a broader changing scholarly communication landscape Changing research communication Changing nature of the “publication” New types of journals
- 50. Research communication now Literature review Bibliography Conceptual framework Conceptualise Discussion Documents Comments Review, evaluati Data gathering Data banks Replication on, feedback The issue/ Interviews problem/ question Data analysis Findings Journal articles Lectures Blogs Presentations
- 51. Open research Literature review Bibliography Conceptual framework Conceptualise Discussion Documents Comments Review, evaluati Data gathering Data banks Replication on, feedback The issue/ Interviews question Data analysis Data Findings Journal articles Lectures Blogs Enabled by: Presentations storage metadata Standards licenses
- 52. Emergence of theenhanced publication http://www.surffoundation.nl/en/themas/openonderzoe k/verrijktepublicaties/Pages/default.aspx
- 53. “Open access advocatesmight centre their vision on integrating open access with a new type of digital and global infrastructure that includes all results in real time … Therefore, the question that policy makers should be making is how to articulate open access as an essential part of the new infrastructure that merits institutional investment.” Armbruster, C (2010)
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- 55. Thank you Laura.Czerniewicz@uct.ac.za Eve.Gray@uct.ac.za
Editor's Notes
- #3 Acknowledging the work done previously - http://www.cet.uct.ac.za/OpeningScholarship
- #4 Open content refers to both teaching and research resources (with the term „open education resources‟ referring specifically to teaching resources). Open access refers to the form of online publishing where access is free for the user. Open research is about making transparent all aspects of the research process, including data, methodology, analysis and outputs. Open licensing is a mechanism of intellectual property rights protection which enables access and/or re-use under varying conditions while attributing the original author.
- #6 Open Access was defined in the Budapest Open Access Initiative, 2002. http://www.soros.org/openaccess
- #7 Research Information Network Report, (2009), Communicating Knowledge: How and why UK researchers publish and disseminate their finding, [Online] Available at: http://www.rin.ac.uk/system/files/attachments/Communicating-knowledge-report.pdf
- #11 The Directory of Open Access Repositories (DOAR) now lists 2,085 repositories globally, of which 51 repositories are found in 15 African countries.Insert image of DOAR
- #12 ArXiv has been self archiving since 1980s (CS and physics, computational mathematics) 100k articles in physics, 10k in maths, 1k in CS
- #15 Traditional journal increased by 3% year for the past 300 years (hardly at all until the late 19th C mostly in the 20th C)OA journals been around for the last decade, growth 30% in numbers of journals since inception; 38% for articles ;2009, 120k articles; 8% of yearly article production
- #18 Gold Route- Primary publication in open-access journals.- 7 070 journals (DOAJ 2011)
- #27 7 million students internationally, canvas on right University of Cape Town students during Open Access Week October 2011
- #30 (C) Global projection of percentage increase in citations for GNI country deciles of the poorest country hosting a citing author after free online availability. Evans and Reimer J A Evans, J Reimer Science 2009; 323:1025-1025
- #36 OPEN ACCESS PUBLISHING -MODELS AND ATTRIBUTESJuly 8th, 2010SuenjeDallmeier-Tiessen a, Bettina Goerner b, Robert Darby c JenniHyppoelae a,Peter Igo-Kemenes a #, Deborah Kahn d, Simon Lambert c, AnjaLengenfelder e,Chris Leonard c, Salvatore Mele a,*, PanayiotaPolydoratou e, David Ross f,Sergio Ruiz-Perez a, Ralf Schimmer e, Mark Swaisland g and Wim van der Stelt h
- #42 http://opencontent.uct.ac.za/Centre-for-Higher-Education-Development/Centre-for-Educational-Technology/Creative-Commons-Infographic
- #44 Article Processing Charges (APC) Funding agencies provide money to the author or establish agreements with publisher Via Open Access funds Via institutional membership APC waved by publisherOPEN ACCESS PUBLISHING -MODELS AND ATTRIBUTESJuly 8th, 2010SuenjeDallmeier-Tiessen a, Bettina Goerner b, Robert Darby c JenniHyppoelae a,Peter Igo-Kemenes a #, Deborah Kahn d, Simon Lambert c, AnjaLengenfelder e,Chris Leonard c, Salvatore Mele a,*, PanayiotaPolydoratou e, David Ross f,Sergio Ruiz-Perez a, Ralf Schimmer e, Mark Swaisland g and Wim van der Stelt
- #46 Between Jan 2008 and May 2011 124 articles were published in Biomed journals authored or co-authored by UCT researchersOf these 99 were paid by UCT researchersContent as Commodity — Price Elasticity and New Business Models Posted by Kent Anderson ⋅ Oct 26, 2011 ⋅ 6 Commentshttp://scholarlykitchen.sspnet.org/2011/10/26/content-as-commodity-price-elasticity-and-new-business-models/
- #48 Chan, L 24 October 2011 Opportunities for Scholarly Communications in Africa www.vimeo.com/30922669
- #49 Developing countries move from the periphery to participation in the network societyChan, L 24 October 2011 Opportunities for Scholarly Communications in Africa www.vimeo.com/30922669
- #52 Open research, open content of all kinds, linkage of different types of content through the research cycleProcesses of research itself become visible
- #54 Armbruster, C (2010), Implementing Open Access Chinese Journal of Library and Information Science, Vol. 3, No. 4, pp.1-22, 2010