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Introduction for microprocessor
The document discusses microprocessors and their evolution over time. It begins with definitions of key terms like microprocessor, microcontroller, and the differences between them. It then covers the internal organization of a microprocessor including the ALU, registers, control unit, and memory. Examples of early microprocessors like the Intel 8080 and 8088 are provided along with a table showing their increasing transistor counts, clock speeds, and performance over generations from the 1970s to the late 1990s.
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Introduction for microprocessor
- 1. INTRODUCTION Prepared By, Mr.R-THANDAIAH PRABU M.E., Lecturer - ECE thandaiah@gmail.com
- 2. Why do weneed to learn Microprocessors/controllers? • The microprocessor is the core of computer systems. • Nowadays many communication, digital entertainment, portable devices, are controlled by them. • A designer should know what types of components he needs, ways to reduce production costs and product reliable.
- 3. What is aMicroprocessor? • The word comes from the combination micro and processor. – Processor means a device that processes whatever. In this context processor means a device that processes numbers, specifically binary numbers, 0’s and 1’s. • To process means to manipulate. It is a general term that describes all manipulation. Again in this content, it means to perform certain operations on the numbers that depend on the microprocessor’s design. SJCET
- 4. What is Micro? •Micro is a new addition. – In the late 1960’s, processors were built using discrete elements. • These devices performed the required operation, but were too large and too slow. – In the early 1970’s the microchip was invented. All of the components that made up the processor were now placed on a single piece of silicon. The size became several thousand times smaller and the speed became several hundred times faster. The “Micro” Processor was born. SJCET
- 5. Definition of aMicroprocessor. The microprocessor is a programmable device that takes in numbers, performs on them arithmetic or logical operations according to the program stored in memory and then produces other numbers as a result. SJCET
- 6. Definition Continued. • Letsexpand each of the underlined words: – Programmable device: The microprocessor can perform different sets of operations on the data it receives depending on the sequence of instructions supplied in the given program. By changing the program, the microprocessor manipulates the data in different ways. – Instructions: Each microprocessor is designed to execute a specific group of operations. This group of operations is called an instruction set. This instruction set defines what the microprocessor can and cannot do. SJCET
- 7. Definition Continued.. – Takesin: The data that the microprocessor manipulates must come from somewhere. • It comes from what is called “input devices”. • These are devices that bring data into the system from the outside world. • These represent devices such as a keyboard, a mouse, switches, and the like. SJCET
- 8. Definition Continued… Numbers: The microprocessor has a very narrow view on life. It only understands binary numbers. A binary digit is called a bit (which comes from binary digit). The microprocessor recognizes and processes a group of bits together. This group of bits is called a “word”. The number of bits in a Microprocessor’s word, is a measure of its “abilities”. SJCET
- 9. Definition Continued – Words,Bytes, etc. • The earliest microprocessor (the Intel 8088 and Motorola’s 6800) recognized 8-bit words. – They processed information 8-bits at a time. That’s why they are called “8-bit processors”. They can handle large numbers, but in order to process these numbers, they broke them into 8-bit pieces and processed each group of 8-bits separately. • Later microprocessors (8086 and 68000) were designed with 16-bit words. – A group of 8-bits were referred to as a “half-word” or “byte”. – A group of 4 bits is called a “nibble”. – Also, 32 bit groups were given the name “long word”. • Today, all processors manipulate at least 32 bits at a time and there exists microprocessors that can process 64, 80, 128 bits or more at a time. SJCET
- 10. Definition Continued • Arithmeticand Logic Operations: – Every microprocessor has arithmetic operations such as add and subtract as part of its instruction set. » Most microprocessors will have operations such as multiply and divide. » Some of the newer ones will have complex operations such as square root. – In addition, microprocessors have logic operations as well. Such as AND, OR, XOR, shift left, shift right, etc. – Again, the number and types of operations define the microprocessor’s instruction set and depends on the specific microprocessor. SJCET
- 11. Definition Continued – Program:A program is a sequence of instructions that bring data into the microprocessor, processes it and sends it out. • There are many programming languages (C, C++, FORTRAN, and JAVA…) However, these programming languages can be grouped into three main levels (these days a fourth level is developing). SJCET
- 12. Definition Continued – ProgrammingLanguages • Machine language – Machine language is the lowest level programming language. It is a language intended to be understood by the microprocessor (the machine) only. In this language, every instruction is described by binary patterns. e.g. 11001101 may mean 1 + 2 This is the form in which instructions are stored in memory. This is the only form that the microprocessor understands. SJCET
- 13. Definition Continued – ProgrammingLanguages • Assembly language – This language is more understandable by humans. In this language, the binary patterns are assigned mnemonics (short abbreviated names). e.g. “Add 1,2” is assigned to the machine language pattern 11001101 mentioned above to refer to the operation 1+2. There is usually one assembly language instruction for each machine language instruction. SJCET
- 14. Definition Continued – ProgrammingLanguages • High level languages – These are languages like C, PASCAL and FORTRON. These are more natural for humans to use than assembly or machine languages. They are also more compact (i.e. it takes less statements to write the program). One high level instruction translates into many assembly or machine language instructions. e.g. x = y + z may translate into: MOV 1000, R1 MOV 1004, R2 ADD R1, R2 MOV R1, 1008 SJCET
- 15. Definition Continued • ProgrammingLanguages – The new level being developed: is ultra high level languages which would contain things like C++, and JAVA. » Here a single instruction may translate into hundreds of assembly or machine language instructions. SJCET
- 16. Definition Continued – Storedin memory : • First, what is memory? – Memory is the location where information is kept while not in current use. – Memory is a collection of storage devices. Usually, each storage device holds one bit. Also, in most kinds of memory, these storage devices are grouped into groups of 8. These 8 storage locations can only be accessed together. So, one can only read or write in terms of bytes to and form memory. – Memory is usually measured by the number of bytes it can hold. It is measured in Kilos, Megas and lately Gigas. A Kilo in computer language is 210 =1024. So, a KB (KiloByte) is 1024 bytes. Mega is 1024 Kilos and Giga is 1024 Mega. SJCET
- 17. Definition Continued – Storedin memory: • When a program is entered into a computer, it is stored in memory. Then as the microprocessor starts to execute the instructions, it brings the instructions from memory one at a time. • Memory is also used to hold the data. – The microprocessor reads (brings in) the data from memory when it needs it and writes (stores) the results into memory when it is done. SJCET
- 18. Definition Continued – Produces:For the user to see the result of the execution of the program, the results must be presented in a human readable form. • The results must be presented on an output device. • This can be the monitor, a paper from the printer, a simple LED or many other forms. SJCET
- 19. From the abovedescription, we can draw the following block diagram to represent a microprocessor-based system s or ces Input Output pro ro Mic Memory SJCET
- 20. Inside the Microprocessor. •Internally, the microprocessor is made up of 3 main units. – The Arithmetic/Logic Unit (ALU) – The Control Unit. – An array of registers for holding data while it is being manipulated. SJCET
- 21. Organization of a Microprocessorbased system I/O Input / Output ALU Register Array System Bus Control Memory ROM RAM SJCET
- 22. Organization of theMicroprocessor • The microprocessor can be divided into three main pieces: – Arithmetic/Logic Unit » Performs all computing and logic operations such as addition and subtraction as well as AND, OR and XOR. – Register Array » A collection of registers within the microprocessor itself. These are used primarily for data storage during program execution. The number and the size of these registers differ from one microprocessor to the other. – Control Unit » As the name implies, the control Unit controls what is happening in the microprocessor. It provides the necessary control and timing signals to all operations in the microprocessor as well as its contact to the outside world. SJCET
- 23. Intruduction • Microprocessor (uP)(MPU) – A uP is a CPU on a single chip. – Components of CPU • ALU, instruction decoder, registers, bus control circuit, etc. • Micro-computer (u-Computer) – small computer – uP + peripheral I/O + memory specifically for data acquisition and control applications • Microcontroller (uC) – u-Computer on a single chip of silicon SJCET
- 24. Microprocessors: General-purpose microprocessor • CPU for Computers • No RAM, ROM, I/O on CPU chip itself • Example ： Intel’s x86, Motorola’s 680x0 Many chips on mother’s board Data Bus CPU General- Serial Purpose RAM ROM I/O Timer COM Micro- Port Port processor Address Bus General-Purpose Microprocessor System
- 25. Microcontrollers Memory ROM RAM CPU I/O Subsystems: Timers, Counters, Analog A single chip Interfaces, I/O interfaces
- 26. uP vs. uC •A uP – only is a single-chip CPU – bus is available – RAM capacity, num of port is selectable – RAM is larger than ROM (usually) • A uC – contains a CPU and RAM,ROM , Peripherals, I/O port in a single IC – internal hardware is fixed – Communicate by port – ROM is larger than RAM (usually) – Small power consumption – Single chip, small board – Implementation is easy – Low cost SJCET
- 27. Microprocessor vs. Microcontroller Microprocessor Microcontroller • CPU is stand-alone, RAM, • CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O and ROM, I/O, timer are timer are all on a single chip separate • fix amount of on-chip ROM, • designer can decide on the RAM, I/O ports amount of ROM, RAM • for applications in which cost, and I/O ports. power and space are critical • expansive • single-purpose • versatility • general-purpose
- 28. uP vs. uC– cont. • Applications – uCs are suitable to control of I/O devices in designs requiring a minimum component – uPs are suitable to processing information in computer systems. SJCET
- 29. uP vs. uC– cont. • uC is easy to use and design. – Only single chip can be a complete system – interfacing to other devices, • for example, motors, displays, sensors, and communicate with PC. • In contrast, similar system that builds from uP would require a lot of additional units, – such as RAM, UART, I/O , TIMER and etc. SJCET
- 30. uC is aReusable Hardware • Logic circuit provides limited function for one single design. In order to change circuit’s functionality, we need to redesign the circuits. • uC can reprogram and change functionality of every port, input to output or digital to analog on the fly. SJCET
- 31. The Microprocessor (MPU) • The uP is the ‘brain of the microcomputer’ • Is a single chip which is capable of – processing data – controlling all of the components which make up the microcomputer system • µP used to sequence executions of instructions that is in memory • uP Fetch , Decode , and Execute the instruction • The internal architecture of the microprocessor is complex. SJCET
- 32. Microprocessors • Microprocessors comein all kinds of varieties from the very simple to the very complex • Depend on data bus and register and ALU width uP could be 4-bit , 8-bit , 16-bit, 32-bit , 64-bit • We will discuss two sample of it – 8085 as an 8-bit uP – and 8086/88 as an 16-bit uP • All uPs have – the address bus – the data bus – RD, WR, CLK , RST, INT, . . . SJCET
- 33. The first microprocessorto make it into a home computer was the Intel 8080, a complete 8-bit computer on one chip, introduced in 1974. The first microprocessor to make a real splash in the market was the Intel 8088, introduced in 1979 and incorporated into the IBM PC (which first appeared around 1982). If you are familiar with the PC market and its history, you know that the PC market moved from the 8088 to the 80286 to the 80386 to the 80486 to the Pentium to the Pentium II to the Pentium III to the Pentium 4. All of these microprocessors are made by Intel and all of them are improvements on the basic design of the 8088. The Pentium 4 can execute any piece of code that ran on the original 8088, but it does it about 5,000 times faster! SJCET Intel 8080
- 34. Name Date Transistors Microns Clock speed Data width MIPS 8080 1974 6,000 6 2 MHz 8 bits 0.64 16 bits 8088 1979 29,000 3 5 MHz 0.33 8-bit bus 80286 1982 134,000 1.5 6 MHz 16 bits 1 80386 1985 275,000 1.5 16 MHz 32 bits 5 80486 1989 1,200,000 1 25 MHz 32 bits 20 32 bits Pentium 1993 3,100,000 0.8 60 MHz 100 64-bit bus 32 bits Pentium II 1997 7,500,000 0.35 233 MHz ~300 64-bit bus 32 bits Pentium III 1999 9,500,000 0.25 450 MHz ~510 64-bit bus 32 bits Pentium 4 2000 42,000,000 0.18 1.5 GHz ~1,700 64-bit bus 32 bits Pentium 4 "" 2004 125,000,000 0.09 3.6 GHz ~7,000 64-bit bus SJCET
- 35. Information about thistable: • The date is the year that the processor was first introduced. Many processors are re-introduced at higher clock speeds for many years after the original release date. • Transistors is the number of transistors on the chip. You can see that the number of transistors on a single chip has risen steadily over the years. • Microns is the width, in microns, of the smallest wire on the chip. For comparison, a human hair is 100 microns thick. As the feature size on the chip goes down, the number of transistors rises. • Clock speed is the maximum rate that the chip can be clocked at. Clock speed will make more sense in the next section. • Data Width is the width of the ALU. An 8-bit ALU can add/subtract/multiply/etc. two 8-bit numbers, while a 32-bit ALU can manipulate 32-bit numbers. An 8-bit ALU would have to execute four instructions to add two 32-bit numbers, while a 32-bit ALU can do it in one instruction. In many cases, the external data bus is the same width as the ALU, but not always. The 8088 had a 16-bit ALU and an 8-bit bus, while the modern Pentiums fetch data 64 bits at a time for their 32-bit ALUs. • MIPS stands for "millions of instructions per second" and is a rough measure of the performance of a CPU. Modern CPUs can do so many different things that MIPS ratings lose a lot of their meaning, but you can get a general sense of the relative power of the CPUs from this column. SJCET
- 36. What's a Chip? •A chip is also called an integrated circuit. • Generally it is a small, thin piece of silicon onto which the transistors making up the microprocessor have been etched. • A chip might be as large as an inch on a side and can contain tens of millions of transistors. • Simpler processors might consist of a few thousand transistors etched onto a chip just a few millimeters square. SJCET
- 37. History Company 4 bit 8 bit 16 bit 32 bit 64 bit 8008 8088/6 4004 80386 80860 Intel 8080 80186 4040 80486 Pentium 8085 80286 Z8000 zilog Z80 Z8001 Z8002 6800 68006 68020 Motorola 6802 68008 68030 6809 68010 68040