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java Unit4 chapter1 applets
- 1. Unit 4- chapter01 Applets, Events, Miscellaneous Topics
- 2. CONTENTS Applet Basics, Applet Organization and Essential Elements, ◦ The Applet Architecture, ◦ A Complete Applet Skeleton, ◦ Applet Initialization and Termination, ◦ Requesting Repainting ◦ The update() Method, Using the Status Window Passing parameters to Applets The Applet Class Event Handling The Delegation Event Model Events, Using the Delegation Event Model, More Java Keywords.
- 3. Applet basics Appletsoffer a secure way to dynamically download and execute programs over web. Two types of applets ◦ Based on AWT ◦ Based on Swings Sample program
- 4. Commands required torun an applet javac filename.java appletviewer filename.html
- 5. Commands required torun an applet appletviewer filename.java
- 6. Begins withtwo import statements Extends from Applet class Named as SimpleApplet and should be public in nature because it will be accessed outside code. Inside SimpleApplet , paint() is declared. paint() is called each time the applet must redisplay its output. It takes an object of graphics type as an input It contains the graphics context, which describes the graphics environment in
- 7. Inside paint()there is call to drawString() , which is member of Graphics class. void drawString(String message, int x, int y); Which draws the given text message in the specified x,y location. Upper left location is 0,0 Applet begins the execution when the name of its class is passed to a browser or applet enabled program.
- 8. Key points ofapplet All applets are subclass of Applet Applets do not need a main method Applets must run under appletviewer or java compatible browser User i/o is not accomplished with java’s stream i/o class, instead applet use the interface provided by the AWT or by Swing
- 9. The applet architecture An applet is GUI based program Applets are event driven An applet resembles a set of interrupt service routines. An applet waits until an event occurs. The run-time system notifies the applet about an event by calling an event handler that has been provided by the applet.
- 10. Once thishappens, the applet must take appropriate action and then quickly return control to the system Second, it is the user who initiates interaction with an applet. In a console-based program, when the program needs input, it will prompt the user and then call some input method
- 11. A Complete AppletSkeleton Five methods are used in applet ◦ init( ) ◦ start( ) ◦ paint() ◦ stop( ) ◦ destroy( )
- 12. // An Appletskeleton. import java.awt.*; import java.applet.*; /* <applet code="AppletSkel" width=300 height=100> </applet> */ public class AppletSkel extends Applet { // Called first. public void init() { // initialization }
- 13. /* Called second,after init(). Also called whenever the applet is restarted. */ public void start() { // start or resume execution } // Called when the applet is stopped. public void stop() { // suspends execution }
- 14. /* Called whenapplet is terminated. This is the last method executed. */ public void destroy() { // perform shutdown activities } // Called when an applet's window must be restored. public void paint(Graphics g) { // redisplay contents of window }
- 15. Applet Initialization and Termination When an applet begins, the following methods are called in this sequence: 1. init( ) 2. start( ) 3. paint( ) When an applet is terminated, the following sequence of method calls takes place: 1. stop( ) 2. destroy( )
- 16. The init() method is the first method to be called. In init( ) your applet will initialize variables and perform any other start up activities The start( ) method is called after init( ). It is also called to restart an applet after it has been stopped, such as when the user returns to a previously displayed Web page that contains an applet. The paint( ) method is called each time your applet’s output must be redrawn
- 17. When thepage containing your applet is left, the stop( ) method is called. You will use stop( ) to suspend any child threads created by the applet and to perform any other activities required to put the applet in a safe, idle state. The destroy( ) method is called when the applet is no longer needed.
- 18. Requesting Repainting Wheneveryour applet needs to update the information displayed in its window, it simply calls repaint( ). The repaint( ) method is defined by the AWT’s Component class It causes the run-time system to execute a call to your applet’s update( ) method, which, in its default implementation, calls paint( ).
- 19. void repaint(); ◦ This version causes the entire window to be repainted. void repaint(int left, int top, int width, int height) ◦ the coordinates of the upper-left corner of the region are specified by left and top, and the width and height of the region are passed in width and height.
- 20. The update( )Method This method is defined by the Component class it is called when your applet has requested that a portion of its window be redrawn.
- 21. Using the StatusWindow an applet can also output a message to the status window of the browser or applet viewer on which it is running. The general form of showStatus( ) is shown here: void showStatus(String msg) Here, msg is the string to be displayed.
- 24. Passing Parameters to Applets You can pass parameters to your applet To do so, use the PARAM attribute of the APPLET tag, specifying the parameter’s name and value. To retrieve a parameter, use the getParameter( ) String getParameter(String paramName) It returns the value of the specified parameter in the form of a String object.
- 25. If thespecified parameter cannot be found, null is returned. Example: param.java
- 26.
- 29. Event Handling Mostevents to which your applet will respond are generated by the user. These events are passed to your applet in a variety of ways, with the specific method depending upon the actual event. The most commonly handled events are those generated by the mouse, the keyboard, and various controls, such as a push button. Events are supported by the java.awt.event package.
- 30. The Delegation EventModel The delegation event model defines standard and consistent mechanisms to generate and process events a source generates an event and sends it to one or more listeners the listener simply waits until it receives an event Once received, the listener processes the event and then returns.
- 31. Events an eventis an object that describes a state change in a source It can be generated as a consequence of a person interacting with the elements in a graphical user interface, such as pressing a button, entering a character via the keyboard, selecting an item in a list, and clicking the mouse.
- 32. Event Sources Anevent source is an object that generates an event. A source must register listeners in order for the listener to receive notifications about a specific type of event. Each type of event has its own registration method public void addTypeListener(TypeListener el) Here, Type is the name of the event, and el is a reference to the event listener
- 33. the methodthat registers a keyboard event listener is called addKeyListener( ). The method that registers a mouse motion listener is called addMouseMotionListener( ). When an event occurs, all registered listeners are notified and receive a copy of the event object.
- 34. A sourcemust also provide a method that allows a listener to unregister an interest in a specific type of event. The general form of such a method is this: public void removeTypeListener(TypeListener el) Here, Type is the name of the event, and el is a reference to the event listener. For example, to remove a keyboard listener, you would call removeKeyListener( ).
- 35. Event Listeners Alistener is an object that is notified when an event occurs. It has two major requirements. ◦ it must have been registered with one or more sources to receive notifications about specific types of events. ◦ it must implement methods to receive and process these notifications.
- 36. Event Classes Javaevent class hierarchy is EventObject, which is in java.util The class AWTEvent, defined within the java.awt package, is a subclass of EventObject
- 38. Event Listener Interfaces Event listeners receive event notifications When an event occurs, the event source invokes the appropriate method defined by the listener and provides an event object as its argument. commonly used listener interfaces and provides a brief description of the methods they define.
- 40. Using the DelegationEvent Model Just follow these two steps: ◦ Implement the appropriate interface in the listener so that it will receive the type of event desired. ◦ Implement code to register and unregister (if necessary) the listener as a recipient for the event notifications
- 41. Handling Mouse Events you must implement the MouseListener and the MouseMotionListener interfaces. The MouseListener interface defines five methods. ◦ If a mouse button is clicked, mouseClicked( ) is invoked. ◦ When the mouse enters a component, the mouseEntered( ) method is called. ◦ When it leaves, mouseExited( ) is called. ◦ The mousePressed( ) and mouseReleased( ) methods are invoked when a mouse button is pressed and released, respectively
- 42. General forms void mouseClicked(MouseEvent me) void mouseEntered(MouseEvent me) void mouseExited(MouseEvent me) void mousePressed(MouseEvent me) void mouseReleased(MouseEvent me)
- 43. The MouseMotionListenerinterface defines two methods. The mouseDragged( ) method is called multiple times as the mouse is dragged. The mouseMoved( ) method is called multiple times as the mouse is moved void mouseDragged(MouseEvent me) void mouseMoved(MouseEvent me)
- 44. More Java Keywords transient volatile instanceof native strictfp assert
- 45. The transient andvolatile Modifiers When an instance variable is declared as transient, then its value need not persist when an object is stored. Modifying a variable with volatile tells the compiler that the variable can be changed unexpectedly by other parts of your program
- 46. instanceof object instanceoftype object is an instance of a class, and type is a class or interface type. If object is of the specified type or can be cast into the specified type, then the instanceof operator evaluates to true. Otherwise, its result is false. Thus, instanceof is the means by which your program can obtain run-time type information about an object.
- 47. strictfp does notrequire the truncation of certain intermediate values that occur during a computation. By modifying a class or a method with strictfp, you ensure that floating-point calculations When a class is modified by strictfp, all of the methods in the class are also strictfp automatically
- 48. assert The assertkeyword is used during program development to create an assertion, which is a condition that is expected to be true during the execution of the program At run time, if the condition actually is true, no other action takes place. However, if the condition is false, then an AssertionError is thrown.
- 49. Two forms assert condition; ◦ Here, condition is an expression that must evaluate to a Boolean result assert condition : expr; ◦ In this version, expr is a value that is passed to the AssertionError constructor