Lecture # 01 Introduction to ECG-compressed.pptx

Lecture # 01 Introduction to ECG-compressed.pptx

• 1.
  SANA IHSAN INTRODUCTION TO ECG/EKG
• 2.
  Outline ❑ Introduction toECG or EKG ❑ History of EKG/ECG ❑ Galvani,1790 ❑ Mid 1880’s, Ludwig and Waller ❑ Research by Dr. Willem Einthoven & invention of ECG Machine ❑ Einthoven, Sir Thomas Lewis ❑ Frank Wilson, 1934
• 3.
  Introduction to ElectroCardioGram (ECG orEKG) ▪The graphic representation of the heart’s electrical activity recorded through electrodes positioned at strategic points on the body constitutes the electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG). ▪Electrocardiography is the process of producing an electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG). ▪ EKG is the German spelling for elektrokardiographie
• 4.
  Electrocardiograph: The machine bywhich the electrical activities of heart recorded. Electrocardiographic paper: Used for recording ECG is known as ECG paper. Electrocardiographic Grid: Refers to the marking (lines) on ECG paper. ECG paper has horizontal and verticals lines at regular intervals of 1mm and every 5th line (5mm) is thickened.
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  Introduction (Cont..) ▪The recordingof the electrical currents, their direction, and their magnitude, as well as the rate of the heart’s contractions, is made by the machine and electrocardiograph. ▪The ECG is the recording obtained, and displays the following: • Three major deflections or waves: ▪The P wave, the QRS complex, and a T wave ▪Two intervals of clinical importance: ▪The PR interval and QRS duration
• 6.
  History of ECG Galvani,1790 ▪In1790 Luigi Galvani made dead frog’s legs dance by electrical stimulation. ▪Galvani knew that completing a circuit connecting dissimilar metals to the legs of a recently deceased frog would create stimulating electrical current. ▪The resulting electrical current would stimulate the frog’s legs to jump, and with repeated stimuli he could make them dance.
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  Kollicker and Mueller,1855-56 ▪In 1855, Kollicker and Mueller found that a motor nerve to a frog’s leg was laid over its isolated beating heart, the leg kicked with each heartbeat. ▪They thought “the same electrical stimulus that causes a frog’s leg to kick must cause the heart to beat. ▪ So, it was logical for them to assume that the beating of the heart must be due to a rhythmic discharge of electrical stimuli.
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  Mid 1880’s, Ludwigand Waller ▪In the mid 1880’s, while using a “capillary electrometer” Ludwig and Waller discovered that the heart’s rhythmic electrical stimuli could be monitored from a person’s skin. ▪However, their apparatus was not sensitive enough for clinical use. ▪This achievement opened the door for recording the heart’s electrical activity from the skin.
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  Research by Dr.Willem Einthoven ▪Einthoven recognized that the heart possessed electrical activity. ▪He recorded this electrical activity using two sensors attached to the two forearms and connected to a silver wire that ran between two poles of a large permanent magnet. ▪He noted that the silver wire moved rhythmically with the heartbeats.
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  Invention of EKGMachine by Einthoven in 1901 ▪For the visualization of the silver wire small movements, Einthoven shone a light beam across the wire, and the wavy movements of the wire were recorded on moving photographic paper. ▪Einthoven recorded the waves and spiky deflection and labeled the first smooth, rounded wave, P; the spiky deflection, QRS; and the last recorded wave,T.
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  Einthoven, Sir ThomasLewis ▪Einthoven, Sir Thomas Lewis, and others correlated the ECG waves with the contracting heart and correlated that ▪The P wave was related to atrial contraction and ▪The QRS deflection was associated with ventricular contraction.
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  Frank Wilson, 1934 ▪FrankWilson, who studied with Lewis, in Michigan (1934), described the unipolar leads that include the precordial V leads and VR, VL, and VF.
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  Reference ▪Rapid ECG interpretationby Mr. M. Gabriel Khan 3rd edition (Chapter # 01) ▪Rapid interpretation of EKG by Dale Dubin 6th edition(Chapter # 01)