LOD(Linked Open Data) Recommendations

Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology http://genfringe.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/image22.jpgLinked Data & Semantic Web Technology

Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology http://cfile24.uf.tistory.com/image/274F0F4151CA334934964E

Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
How tall are you?
5.4 ft What?
http://cdn-media-2.lifehack.org/wp-content/files/2012/12/improve-communications.jpg
for communication

LOD 표준은 왜 한가?
http://melissaagnes.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Important-Stamp.jpg
http://fadyart.com/en/images/stories/rdf.png
http://onlinehtmltools.com/images/html-decode.png
HTML Linked Data
a way that can be
read automatically
by computers
to create visible
and audible web
pages for human
<

어떤 표준들이 있나요?
Linked Data를
구축하고 활용하기 위해
기본적으로 지켜야 하는
W3C의 표준들
용어집과 같이
필수적으로 지켜야 하는
것들은 아니지만
활용성을 높이기 위해
지켜야 하는 표준들
강한 표준 약한 표준
http://cfile22.uf.tistory.com/image/27149F3451DF573C067D01
http://cfile24.uf.tistory.com/image/267DAE34521420D40281C0

W3C의 LOD 관련 표준
http://www.w3.org/standards/semanticweb/

Category Date Recommendation
RDF
2014-02-25 RDF Schema 1.1
2014-02-25 RDF 1.1 XML Syntax
2014-02-25 RDF 1.1 Concepts and Abstract Syntax
2014-02-25 RDF 1.1 Turtle
2014-02-25 RDF 1.1 N-Quads
2014-02-25 RDF 1.1 N-Triples
2014-02-25 RDF 1.1 Semantics
2014-02-25 RDF 1.1 TriG
2014-01-16 JSON-LD 1.0 Processing Algorithms and API
2014-01-16 JSON-LD 1.0
2013-10-29 Internationalization Tag Set (ITS) Version 2.0
2012-12-11 rdf:PlainLiteral: A Datatype for RDF Plain Literals (Second Edition)
2004-02-10 RDF Semantics
2004-02-10 RDF Test Cases
2004-02-10 Resource Description Framework (RDF): Concepts and Abstract Syntax
2004-02-10 RDF Primer
RDFa
2013-08-22 RDFa Core 1.1 - Second Edition
2013-08-22 XHTML+RDFa 1.1 - Second Edition
2013-08-22 HTML+RDFa 1.1
2012-06-07 RDFa Lite 1.1
2008-10-14 RDFa in XHTML: Syntax and Processing

GRDDL
2007-09-11 Gleaning Resource Descriptions from Dialects of Languages (GRDDL)
2007-09-11 GRDDL Test Cases
POWDER
2009-09-01 Protocol for Web Description Resources (POWDER): Grouping of Resources
2009-09-01 Protocol for Web Description Resources (POWDER): Description Resources
2009-09-01 Protocol for Web Description Resources (POWDER): Formal Semantics
Semantic Annotation for WS
DL and XML Schema
2007-08-28 Semantic Annotations for WSDL and XML Schema
Provenance
2013-04-30 PROV-DM: The PROV Data Model
2013-04-30 PROV-O: The PROV Ontology
2013-04-30 Constraints of the PROV Data Model
2013-04-30 PROV-N: The Provenance Notation
RDB2RDF
2012-09-27 R2RML: RDB to RDF Mapping Language
2012-09-27 A Direct Mapping of Relational Data to RDF
Linked Data
2014-02-25 RDF 1.1 Turtle
2014-01-16 JSON-LD 1.0 Processing Algorithms and API
2014-01-16 The RDF Data Cube Vocabulary
2014-01-16 Data Catalog Vocabulary (DCAT)
2014-01-16 The Organization Ontology
2014-01-16 JSON-LD 1.0
2013-10-29 Internationalization Tag Set (ITS) Version 2.0

OWL
Web Ontology Language
2013-02-05 RIF RDF and OWL Compatibility (Second Edition)
2012-12-11 OWL 2 Web Ontology Language Mapping to RDF Graphs (Second Edition)
2012-12-11 OWL 2 Web Ontology Language New Features and Rationale (Second Edition)
2012-12-11 OWL 2 Web Ontology Language Primer (Second Edition)
2012-12-11 OWL 2 Web Ontology Language Profiles (Second Edition)
2012-12-11 OWL 2 Web Ontology Language Quick Reference Guide (Second Edition)
2012-12-11 OWL 2 Web Ontology Language RDF-Based Semantics (Second Edition)
2012-12-11
OWL 2 Web Ontology Language Structural Specification and Functional-Style Syntax
(Second Edition)
2012-12-11 OWL 2 Web Ontology Language XML Serialization (Second Edition)
2012-12-11 OWL 2 Web Ontology Language Conformance (Second Edition)
2012-12-11 OWL 2 Web Ontology Language Direct Semantics (Second Edition)
2012-12-11 rdf:PlainLiteral: A Datatype for RDF Plain Literals (Second Edition)
2012-12-11 OWL 2 Web Ontology Language Document Overview (Second Edition)
2004-02-10 OWL Web Ontology Language Overview
2004-02-10 OWL Web Ontology Language Guide
2004-02-10 OWL Web Ontology Language Reference
2004-02-10 OWL Web Ontology Language Semantics and Abstract Syntax
2004-02-10 OWL Web Ontology Language Test Cases
2004-02-10 OWL Web Ontology Language Use Cases and Requirements

SKOS 2009-08-18 SKOS Simple Knowledge Organization System Reference
SPARQL
2013-03-21 SPARQL Query Results XML Format (Second Edition)
2013-03-21 SPARQL 1.1 Entailment Regimes
2013-03-21 SPARQL 1.1 Graph Store HTTP Protocol
2013-03-21 SPARQL 1.1 Protocol
2013-03-21 SPARQL 1.1 Query Language
2013-03-21 SPARQL 1.1 Service Description
2013-03-21 SPARQL 1.1 Update
2013-03-21 SPARQL 1.1 Federated Query
2013-03-21 SPARQL 1.1 Overview
2013-03-21 SPARQL 1.1 Query Results CSV and TSV Formats
2013-03-21 SPARQL 1.1 Query Results JSON Format
2008-01-15 SPARQL Query Language for RDF
2008-01-15 SPARQL Protocol for RDF
RIF
Rule Interchange Format
2013-02-05 RIF Basic Logic Dialect (Second Edition)
2013-02-05 RIF Core Dialect (Second Edition)
2013-02-05 RIF RDF and OWL Compatibility (Second Edition)
2013-02-05 RIF Datatypes and Built-Ins 1.0 (Second Edition)
2013-02-05 RIF Framework for Logic Dialects (Second Edition)
2013-02-05 RIF Production Rule Dialect (Second Edition)

기술적 아키텍쳐 관점에서의 표준
an elemental syntax
for content structure
within documents
a simple language
for expressing data models,
which refer to objects ("resources")
and their relationships
more vocabulary
for describing properties and classes
a vocabulary for describing
properties and classes
of RDF-based resources
a protocol and query
language
for semantic web data
sources
to exchange rules
between many
"rules languages"
a string of characters used to identify a name or a resource
http://ai.ia.agh.edu.pl/wiki/_media/hekate:semweb:sw_layer_cakes.png

URI (Uniform Resource Identifier)
Myungjin Lee
881002-1045617
identifier
name
resident registration number
http://www.semantics.kr/person/mjLee
identifier in the web

XML (Extensible Markup Language)
• 사람 뿐만 아니라 기계가 읽을 수 있는 형태로 데이터의 구조를
기술하기 위한 마크업 언어(markup language)
XML representation of “Myungjin Lee is Suji’s husband.”
<conjugalrelation>
<husband>Myungjin Lee</husband>
<wife>Suji</wife>
</conjugalrelation>
<conjugalrelation husband=“Myungjin Lee”>
<wife>Suji</wife>
</conjugalrelation>
<conjugalrelation husband=“Myungjin Lee” wife=“Suji” />
same contents, but different representation
We need a general method for conceptual description.

RDF (Resource Description Framework)
• 웹에 존재하는 개체(자원)에 대한 정보를 개념적으로 기술하기
위한 방법
has wife
http://semantics.kr/myungjinlee http://semantics.kr/suji
http://semantics.kr/rel/hasWife
Subject
URI reference
Predicate
URI reference
Object
URI reference or Literal
Triple
http://www.vaio.or.kr/files/attach/images/9979/195/792/5d296375f2a6b1096cb062f22ee7e046.jpg

RDF Serialization
• N-Triples
– RDF Test Cases, W3C Recommendation, 25 February 2014
– a line-based, plain text serialization format for storing and transmitting RDF data
• Notation 3 (N3)
– a shorthand non-XML serialization of RDF models, designed with human-readability
in mind
– much more compact and readable than XML RDF notation
• Turtle (Terse RDF Triple Language)
– W3C Candidate Recommendation, 25 February 2014
– a format for expressing data in the Resource Description Framework (RDF) data
model
– a subset of Notation3 (N3) language, and a superset of the minimal N-Triples format
• RDF/XML
– W3C Recommendation, 25 February 2014
– an XML syntax for writing down and exchanging RDF graphs

<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Benn> <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/title> "Tony Benn" .
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Benn> <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/publisher> "Wikipedia" .
<rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"
xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">
<rdf:Description rdf:about="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Benn">
<dc:title>Tony Benn</dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Wikipedia</dc:publisher>
</rdf:Description>
</rdf:RDF>
@prefix dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/>.
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Benn> dc:title "Tony Benn";
dc:publisher "Wikipedia".
@prefix rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#> .
@prefix dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/> .
@prefix ex: <http://example.org/stuff/1.0/> .
<http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-syntax-grammar>
dc:title "RDF/XML Syntax Specification (Revised)" ;
ex:editor [ ex:fullname "Dave Beckett";
ex:homePage <http://purl.org/net/dajobe/>
] .
N-Triple
RDF/XML
N3
Turtle

RDFS (RDF Schema)
• 자원에 대한 정보를 기술할 수 있는 클래스(class)와 속성
(property) 같은 구조를 정의하기 위한 방법
has wife
♂ ♀
is a is a
Male Female

Person
subset ofsubset of
http://www.vaio.or.kr/files/attach/images/9979/195/792/5d296375f2a6b1096cb062f22ee7e046.jpg

OWL (Web Ontology Language)
• 온톨로지를 만들기 위해 지식을 기술하기 위한 언어
• RDFS에 비해 더 많은 표현력을 필요로 할 경우,
– 예를 들어,
Man Woman∩ = Ø
Person Person
descendant
Person
descendant
descendant
Husband Wife
1:1

SPARQL
• RDF를 위한 질의 언어가 왜 필요한가?
– RDF 형태로 구축된 데이터로부터 원하는 지식을 획득하기 위한 방법을
제공
• SPARQL Protocol and RDF Query Language
– RDF 형태로 저장된 데이터를 검색하고 처리하기 위한 방법을 제공
– HTTP를 통해 질의를 처리할 수 있는 방법을 제공
PREFIX foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/>
SELECT ?name ?email
WHERE {
?person a foaf:Person.
?person foaf:name ?name.
?person foaf:mbox ?email.
}
RDF
Knowledge
Base
?name ?email
Myungjin Lee mjlee@li-st.com
Gildong Hong gildong@daum.net
Grace Byun grace@naver.com

R2RML
• RDB to RDF Mapping Language
• W3C Recommendation 27 September 2012
• 관계형 데이터베이스에 저장된 데이터를 RDF 형태로 변환하기
위한 목적의 맵핑 규칙 언어
<http://data.example.com/employee/7369> rdf:type ex:Employee.
<http://data.example.com/employee/7369> ex:name "SMITH".
@prefix rr: <http://www.w3.org/ns/r2rml#>.
@prefix ex: <http://example.com/ns#>.
<#TriplesMap1>
rr:logicalTable [ rr:tableName "EMP" ];
rr:subjectMap [
rr:template "http://data.example.com/employee/{EMPNO}";
rr:class ex:Employee;
];
rr:predicateObjectMap [
rr:predicate ex:name;
rr:objectMap [ rr:column "ENAME" ];
].
R2RML
Result
RDB

RDFa (the Resource Description Framework in attributes)
• W3C Recommendation, 07 June 2012
• HTML, SVG, and XML과 같은 웹 문서에서 기계가 읽고 처리
할 수 있는 형태로 데이터를 기술하기 위한 방법을 제공
Example
My name is
Manu Sporny
and you can give me a ring via
1-800-555-0199.
<img property="image" src="http://manu.sporny.org/images/manu.png" />

GRDDL (Gleaning Resource Descriptions from Dialects of Languages)
• XHTML을 포함하여 XML 문서 형태로 RDF 트리플을 수집 및
생성하기 위한 마크업 형식
<html xmlns:grddl='http://www.w3.org/2003/g/data-view#'
grddl:transformation="glean_title.xsl getAuthor.xsl">
<head>
<title>Are You Experienced?</title>
</head>
...
<xsl:stylesheet version="1.0">
<xsl:template match="/">
<rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#">
<rdf:Description rdf:about="{$subject}">
<dc:title>
<xsl:value-of select="/html:html/html:head/html:title"/>
</dc:title>
</rdf:Description>
</rdf:RDF>
</xsl:template>
</xsl:stylesheet>
<rdf:RDF>
<rdf:Description rdf:about="">
<dc:title>Are You Experienced?</dc:title>
</rdf:Description>
</rdf:RDF>
HTML
glean_title.xsl
RDF

LOD 프로세스 관점에서의 표준
① 온톨로지 모델링
http://www.w3.org/Submission/OWL-S/Profile-Ontology-1.1ai.gif
http://assets.okfn.org/images/data-types.png
http://www.iconsdb.com/gray-icons/database-icon.html
http://icons.iconarchive.com/icons/hopstarter/sleek-xp-basic/256/User-Group-icon.png
② 인스턴스 구축
데이터베이스
③ 변환
트리플 저장소
④ 저장
서비스 개발자
LOD 프레임워크
⑤ 발행
⑥ 활용
RDFS, OWL
RDB2RDF
RDF
SPARQL

LOD에서의 역할들
http://findicons.com/icon/24571/user_group
http://findicons.com/icon/102535/user
http://findicons.com/icon/102523/administrator
http://findicons.com/icon/102561/client_2
http://download.topquadrant.com/composer/images/blog/TopBraid-FOAF.png
http://db.cse.ohio-state.edu/images/db.png
http://lod.nl.go.kr/home/about/dataset.jsp
http://wifo5-03.informatik.uni-mannheim.de/pubby/images/pubby-architecture.png
응용서비스
개발
사용자
LOD서비스
구축
데이터
구축
모델링
변환
저장
발행
데이터 접근 서비스 접근
데이터 조회

데이터 구축자 관점에서의 표준
데이터 구축자
모델링 도구
온톨로지 모델링
RDF
https://s3.amazonaws.com/uploads.startups.fm/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/rule-fm-logo.png
변환 규칙 작성
RDF 변환
데이터베이스
R2RML
RDFS & OWL
URI & RDF
RDF Serialization

LOD 서비스 구축자 관점에서의 표준
LOD 서비스 제공자
RDF 적재
RDF
URI & RDF
RDF Serialization
SPARQL
트리플 저장소
데이터 연계
LOD 서비스 프레임워크
LOD 서비스
Linked Data Platform
발행
개발? 도입?
http://fc09.deviantart.net/fs70/i/2013/170/3/e/cute_speech_bubble_render_by_klleiachan-d69rv96.png

서비스 제공자 관점에서의 표준
• URI 관련 표준은 기본
• RDF 관련 표준 역시 기본
• RDFS는 기본, OWL은 그 만큼의 표현력이 필
요하다면
• RDB2RDF는 필요에 따라
• SPARQL은 필수
• 추가적으로 LDP에 대한 표준도 거의 필수

서비스 제공자들이 흔히 놓치는 표준
• Describing Linked Datasets with the VoID
Vocabulary
– 데이터 셋을 만들었으면 기본적인 설명은 필수!
• Cool URIs for the Semantic Web
– 단순한 URI 표준이라고 우습게 보지 마라.
– Content Negotiation 등 꼭 알아야 할 정보들이 많다.
• Protocol로써의 SPARQL
– HTTP를 활용한 SPARQL의 지원

응용서비스 개발자 관점에서의 표준
LOD 서비스
응용서비스 개발자
응용서비스 개발자
URI
RDF
Query Result
SPARQL
URI & RDF
SPARQL
SPARQL Query Result Format

응용서비스 개발자 관점에서의 표준
• 역시 기본적인 RDF에 대한 이해는 필수
• 더 잘 쓰려면 SPARQL 정도는
• 데이터답게 쓰려면 구조를 이해해야 하니
RDFS와 OWL에 대한 이해도 있다면
• 그 외에는 필요에 따라

알아야 할 표준이 너무 많아요.
개인적인 에 의하면,
기본적인
내용의
표준
문법적인
내용의
표준
그 외
표준들
RDF Primer
RDF 1.1 Concepts
and Abstract Syntax
RDF 1.1 XML Syntax
RDF 1.1 Turtle
RDF 1.1 N-Triples
RDF 1.1 Turtle
RDF 1.1 Semantics
RDF Test Cases
http://bentleymasterminds.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Work-Experience-alexwhite.jpg

약한 표준
http://sioc-project.org/files/sioc_foaf_skos_small.png
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Sioc-logo.svg/2000px-Sioc-logo.svg.png
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/FoafLogo.svg/2000px-FoafLogo.svg.png
http://www.ecured.cu/images/a/a1/Dublin_Core.png
http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_-REQ3wEST4I/S8vR5fRG0kI/AAAAAAAAAXE/Oz9DRiw8rq4/s320/bibliontology170.png
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/infostudies/research/knowledgeorganization/events/SKOS.jpg
http://www.dataversity.net/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2013/11/schema-org1.jpg
http://www.isophonics.net/hotttabs/img/logos/Mo-logo-big.jpg
http://www.oclc.org/content/dam/oclc/common/images/logos/new/OCLC/OCLC_Logo_H_Color_NoTag.png
데이터의 웹에서 반드시 따라야 하는 규약은 아니지만,
보다 데이터를 잘 활용할 수 있도록 지원하기 위해
통상적으로 활용되는 용어집들

약한 표준까지 지켜야 하나?
http://img2.wikia.nocookie.net/__cb20130208151201/clubpenguin/images/d/d9/Bunch_of_5_Carrots.png
http://thecontentwrangler.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/User.png
http://icons.iconarchive.com/icons/hopstarter/sleek-xp-basic/256/User-Group-icon.png
이명진
moniker
홍길동
foaf:name
이하은
foaf:name
김하늘
foaf:name
서비스 개발자
사람들의 이름을 얻
기 위해서는?

약한 표준의 적용 방법
• 온톨로지 모델링 및 데이터 구축 시 범용 어휘집의 적극적인
도입 검토
• 인터링킹(interlinking)을 통한 용어들 사이의 관계 정의
어떤 용어집을
재사용할 수 있을까?
사람
foaf:Person
owl:equivalentClass
schema:Person
owl:equivalentClass

W3C의 표준은 필수
범용적 용어집은 덤으로
http://phoenixfundingsource.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/shutterstock_150064880.jpg

Dr. Myungjin Lee
e-Mail : mjlee@li-st.com
Facebook : http://www.facebook.com/mjinlee
SlideShare : http://www.slideshare.net/onlyjiny/
Linkedin : http://linkedin.com/pub/myungjin-lee
http://www.beauticians.nl/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/contact1.jpg

LOD(Linked Open Data) Recommendations

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