This document discusses metaprogramming in Ruby. It begins by mentioning Lisp and how Ruby can think like Lisp through metaprogramming. It then discusses creating languages from scratch or using tools like Bison/yacc/lex. It recommends learning from languages like Lisp, Scheme, Forth and Smalltalk that pioneered metaprogramming techniques. The document discusses how metaprogramming allows code to be treated as data through techniques like self-modifying code and dynamic adding/removing of classes and functions. It provides examples of metaprogramming in areas like web frameworks and AI. It discusses tools for metaprogramming in Ruby like operator overriding, open classes, method_missing, blocks and eval. Finally, it demonstrates