No more loops with lambdaj

No more loops with

λambdaj
An internal DSL to manipulate
collections without loops

by Mario Fusco
mario.fusco@gmail.com
twitter: @mariofusco

Why is lambdaj born?
The best way to understand what lambdaj
does and how it works is to start asking
why we felt the need to develop it:

We were on a project with a complex data model
j
The biggest part of our business logic did almost
always the same: iterating over collections of our
business objects in order to do the same set of tasks
Loops (especially when nested or mixed with
conditions) are harder to be read than to be written
We wanted to write our business logic in a less
technical and closer to business fashion

What is lambdaj for?
It provides a DSL to manipulate collections in a
pseudo-functional and statically typed way.
It eliminates the burden to write (often poorly
readable) loops while iterating over collections.
j
It allows to iterate collections in order to:

convert
aggregate
filter index

group
sort extract

How does lambdaj work?
lambdaj is a thread safe library of static
methods based on 2 main features:

treating a collection as it was a single object by
allowing to propagate a single method invocation
j
to all the objects in the collection

forEach(personsInFamily).setLastName("Fusco");

allowing to define a reference to a java method in
a statically typed way

sort(persons, on(Person.class).getAge());

Print all cars’ brands
Iterative version:

StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
j
for (Car car : cars)
sb.append(car.getBrand()).append(", ");
String brands = sb.toString().substring(0, sb.length()-2);

lambdaj version:

String brands = joinFrom(cars).getBrand();

Select all sales of a Ferrari
Iterative version:

List<Sale> salesOfAFerrari = new ArrayList<Sale>();
for (Sale sale : sales) {
if (sale.getCar().getBrand().equals("Ferrari"))
j
salesOfAFerrari.add(sale);
}

lambdaj version:

List<Sale> salesOfAFerrari = select(sales,
having(on(Sale.class).getCar().getBrand(),equalTo("Ferrari")));

Find buys of youngest person

Iterative version:
Person youngest = null;
for (Person person : persons)
j
if (youngest == null || person.getAge() < youngest.getAge())
youngest = person;
List<Sale> buys = new ArrayList<Sale>();
for (Sale sale : sales)
if (sale.getBuyer().equals(youngest)) buys.add(sale);

lambdaj version:
List<Sale> sales = select(sales,having(on(Sale.class).getBuyer(),
equalTo(selectMin(persons, on(Person.class).getAge()))));

Find most costly sale
Iterative version:

double maxCost = 0.0;
j
double cost = sale.getCost();
if (cost > maxCost) maxCost = cost;
}

lambdaj version:

Sol. 1 -> double maxCost = max(sales, on(Sale.class).getCost());
Sol. 2 -> double maxCost = maxFrom(sales).getCost();

Sum costs where both are males
Iterative version:

double sum = 0.0;
j
if (sale.getBuyer().isMale() && sale.getSeller().isMale())
sum += sale.getCost();
}

lambdaj version:

double sum = sumFrom(select(sales,
having(on(Sale.class).getBuyer().isMale()).and(
having(on(Sale.class).getSeller().isMale())))).getCost();

Find age of youngest who
bought for more than 50,000
Iterative version:
int age = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
j
if (sale.getCost() > 50000.00) {
int buyerAge = sale.getBuyer().getAge();
if (buyerAge < age) age = buyerAge;
}
}
lambdaj version:
int age = min(forEach(select(sales,
having(on(Sale.class).getCost(), greaterThan(50000.00))))
.getBuyer(), on(Person.class).getAge());

Sort sales by cost
Iterative version:

List<Sale> sortedSales = new ArrayList<Sale>(sales);
Collections.sort(sortedSales, new Comparator<Sale>() {
j
public int compare(Sale s1, Sale s2) {
return Double.valueOf(s1.getCost()).compareTo(s2.getCost());
}
});

lambdaj version:

List<Sale> sortedSales = sort(sales, on(Sale.class).getCost());

Extract cars’ original cost
Iterative version:

List<Double> costs = new ArrayList<Double>();
j
costs.add(car.getOriginalValue());

lambdaj version:

List<Double> costs =
extract(cars, on(Car.class).getOriginalValue());

Index cars by brand
Iterative version:

Map<String, Car> carsByBrand = new HashMap<String, Car>();
j
carsByBrand.put(car.getBrand(), car);

lambdaj version:

Map<String, Car> carsByBrand =
index(cars, on(Car.class).getBrand());

Group sales by buyers and sellers
(iterative version)

Person buyer = sale.getBuyer();
Map<Person, Sale> buyerMap = map.get(buyer);
if (buyerMap == null) {
buyerMap = new HashMap<Person, Sale>();
j
Map<Person,Map<Person,Sale>> map = new HashMap<Person,Map<Person,Sale>>();

map.put(buyer, buyerMap);
}
buyerMap.put(sale.getSeller(), sale);
}
Person youngest = null;
Person oldest = null;
for (Person person : persons) {
if (youngest == null || person.getAge() < youngest.getAge())
youngest = person;
if (oldest == null || person.getAge() > oldest.getAge())
oldest = person;
}
Sale saleFromYoungestToOldest = map.get(youngest).get(oldest);

Group sales by buyers and sellers
(lambdaj version)
Group<Sale> group = group(sales, j
by(on(Sale.class).getBuyer()),by(on(Sale.class).getSeller()));
Person youngest = selectMin(persons, on(Person.class).getAge());
Person oldest = selectMax(persons, on(Person.class).getAge());
Sale sale = group.findGroup(youngest).findGroup(oldest).first();

Find most bought car
(iterative version)
Map<Car, Integer> carsBought = new HashMap<Car, Integer>();
Car car = sale.getCar();
Integer boughtTimes = carsBought.get(car);
j
carsBought.put(car, boughtTimes == null ? 1 : boughtTimes+1);
}

Car mostBoughtCarIterative = null;
int boughtTimesIterative = 0;
for (Entry<Car, Integer> entry : carsBought.entrySet()) {
if (entry.getValue() > boughtTimesIterative) {
mostBoughtCarIterative = entry.getKey();
boughtTimesIterative = entry.getValue();
}
}

Find most bought car
(lambdaj version)
Group<Sale> group = selectMax(
group(sales, by(on(Sale.class).getCar())).subgroups(),
on(Group.class).getSize());
Car mostBoughtCar = group.first().getCar();
j
int boughtTimes = group.getSize();

How does lambdaj work?
The getCar() invocation is propagated by the first proxy to all the
sales. The cars returned by these invocations are put again in a
list and another proxy, similar to the first one, is created to wrap
this list, allowing to repeat this type of invocation once more
(proxy concatenation).
j
Car fastestCar = max(

forEach(sales).getCar(),

A proxy wraps the on(Car.class).getSpeed());
list of sales. The
returned object is of
class Sale but A proxy of the Car class is created in
dynamically order to register the invocations on it.
implements the These invocations will be then
Iterable interface too reapplied to the cars of the former list

Lambdaj’s extensibility
List<Double> speeds = extract(cars, on(Car.class).getSpeed());

is the short form for:
j
List<Double> speeds = convert(cars, new Car2SpeedConverter());

where the Car2SpeedConverter is defined as:

class Car2SpeedConverter implements Converter<Car, Double> {
public Double convert(Car car) {
return car.getSpeed();
}
}

Performance analysis
Minimum, maximum and average duration in
milliseconds of 20 runs with 100,000 iterations of the
former examples
iterative lambdaj
min max avg min max avg ratio
PrintAllBrands 265 312 283 1,310 1,591 1,377 4.866
FindAllSalesOfAFerrari 281 437 366 1,528 1,607 1,566 4.279
FindAllBuysOfYoungestPerson 5,585 5,975 5,938 6,895 6,989 6,936 1.168
FindMostCostlySaleValue 218 234 227 655 702 670 2.952
SumCostsWhereBothActorsAreAMale 358 452 375 2,199 2,637 2,247 5.992
AgeOfYoungestBuyerForMoreThan50K 5,257 5,319 5,292 9,625 9,750 9,696 1.832
SortSalesByCost 1,388 1,482 1,448 3,213 3,245 3,231 2.231
ExtractCarsOriginalCost 140 156 141 234 249 236 1.674
IndexCarsByBrand 172 203 186 327 343 336 1.806
GroupSalesByBuyersAndSellers 9,469 9,766 9,507 12,698 12,838 12,753 1.341
FindMostBoughtCar 3,744 3,884 3,846 4,181 4,259 4211 1.095

Average ratio = 2.658

Known limitations
Lack of reified generics lambdaj cannot
infer the actual type to be returned when a
null or empty collection is passed to forEach()

List<Person> persons = new ArrayList<Person>();
j
forEach(persons).setLastName("Fusco");
Exception

Impossibility to proxy a final class
the on() construct cannot register an
invocation after a final Class is met

List<Person> sortedByNamePersons =
sort(persons, on(Person.class).getName().toLowerCase());
Exception

Let’s write it fluently

Fluent j
Interface
Collections

Why Fluent Interfaces
List<Person> richBuyersSortedByAge =
sort(
extract(
select(sales,
having(on(Sale.class).getValue(),
greaterThan(50000)))
j
), on(Sale.class).getBuyer()
), on(Person.class).getAge());

List<Person> richBuyersSortedByAge = with(sales)
.retain(having(on(Sale.class).getValue(),greaterThan(50000)))
.extract(on(Sale.class).getBuyer())
.sort(on(Person.class).getAge());

LambdaCollections
LambdaCollections implement the java.util.List
corresponding Java interface (i.e. add()
implements
LambdaList is a java.util.List) so you
can use them in all other API
LambdaList
They enrich the Java Collection add()

Framework API with a fluent
interface that allows to use the java.util.List
lambdaj's features
aggregate()
Invoking the methods of this fluent sort() retain()
interface also change the state of group()
convert()
clone()
the original wrapped collection
The instance of the wrapped collection doesn’t change so its
characteristics are always reflected even by the wrapping
lambdaj counterpart
If you need to leave the original collection unchanged clone it:
with(sales).clone().remove(…) …

Let’s go functional

Closures
j
(actually lambda expressions)

lambdaj's closure
Closures (or more properly lambda expressions) can
be defined through the usual lambdaj DSL style
Closure println = closure(); {
of(System.out).println(var(String.class));
j
}

and then invoked by "closing" its free variable once:
println.apply("one");

or more times:
println.each("one", "two", "three");

Closure’s features
Typed closure
j
Closure2<Integer,Integer> adder = closure(Integer.class, Integer.class); {

}
of(this).sum(var(Integer.class), var(Integer.class));

Curry
Closure1<Integer> adderOf10 = adder.curry2(10);

Mix variables and fixed values
Closure1<Integer> adderOf10 = closure(Integer.class); {
of(this).sum(var(Integer.class), 10);
}

Cast a closure to a one-method interface (SAM)
Converter<Integer,Integer> converter = adderOf10.cast(Converter.class);

Closure’s features (2)
Keep unbound the object on which the closure is invoked

}
of(Person.class).setAge(var(Integer.class));

Define a closure without using a ThreadLocal
j
Closure2<Person, Integer> ageSetter = closure(Person.class, Integer.class); {

Closure2<Person, Integer> ageSetter = new Closure2<Person, Integer>() {{
of(Person.class).setAge(var(Integer.class));
}};
Define the invocation of a static method …
Closure1<String> intParser = closure(String.class)
.of(Integer.class, "parseInt", var(String.class));
… or of a constructor
Closure2<String, Integer> personCreator = closure()
.of(Person.class, CONSTRUCTOR, var(String.class), var(Integer.class));

Switcher
public List<String> sortStrings(List<String> list) {

}
// a sort algorithm suitable for Strings

public List<T> sortSmallList(List<T> list) {

}
// a sort algorithm suitable for no more than 100 items
j
public List<String> sort(List<String> list) {
// a generic sort algorithm
}

Switcher<List<T>> sortStrategy = new Switcher<List<T>>()
.addCase(having(on(List.class).get(0), instanceOf(String.class))),
new Closure() {{ of(this).sortStrings(var(List.class)); }})
.addCase(having(on(List.class).size(), lessThan(100))),
new Closure() {{ of(this).sortSmallList(var(List.class)); }})
.setDefault(new Closure() {{ of(this).sort(var(List.class)); }});

Check out lambdaj at:
http://lambdaj.googlecode.com

Thank you

Mario Fusco
mario.fusco@gmail.com
twitter: @mariofusco

No more loops with lambdaj

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