Object Oriented Program

Paradigms – Paradigms means organizing
principle of a program. It is an approach
to a program.
Types of programming:-
 Procedural programming
 Modular Programming
 Object Oriented programming

Procedural programming lays more emphasis on
procedure than data.
Problems raised while extending the
software or maintaining software by using
procedural programming:-
 It is susceptible to design changes.
 It leads to increased time and cost overheads
during design changes.

Module- A set of related procedure with
data they manipulate is called a module.
In Modular Programming, since many modules (
or functions) access the same data, the way the
data is stored becomes critical. The arrangement
of the data can’t be changed without modifying
all the functions that access it.

The Object Oriented approach views a
problem in terms of objects involved
rather than procedure for doing it.

OBJECT ORIENTED
PROCEDURAL PLANNING
PROGRAMMING

 Here emphasis is an  Here emphasis is on
object. doing functions.
 It follows Top-down
 It follows Bottom-Up approach in program
approach in program design.
design.  Here presence of Global
variables increase
 Its data hiding feature changes of accidental
prevents accidental change in data.
change in data.  Features like
 Its features like data encapsulation, data
encapsulation, hiding, polymorphism
polymorphism, inheritance are absent.
are present.

Objects are key to understanding object-oriented
technology. An object stores its state in fields
(variables in some programming languages)
and exposes its behavior through methods
(functions in some programming languages).
Methods operate on an object's internal state and
serve as the primary mechanism for object-to-
object communication.

A class is a group of objects that share common
properties and relationships.

class class-name{
private:
[variable declaration;]
[function declaration;]
protected :
public :
}

 Data Abstraction
 Data Encapsulation
 Modularity
 Inheritance
 Polymorphism

 Data abstraction refers to the act of
representing essential features without
including the background details or
explanations.
 Data abstraction is the concept of
simplifying a real world concept into
essentials elements

The wrapping up of data and operations/functions
(that operate on the data) into a single unit (called
class) is known as encapsulation.

DATA

OBJECT MEMBER OBJECT
FUNCTIONS

DATA DATA

MEMBER MEMBER
FUNCTIONS OBJECT FUNCTIONS

Data modularity is the property of a system that
has been decomposed into a set of cohesive and
loosely coupled modules.

It is the capability of one class of things to
inherit capabilities or properties from other
class.
CLASS

BASE DERIVED
CLASS CLASS

Single Inheritance
Multiple Inheritance
Hierarchical Inheritance
Multilevel Inheritance
Hybrid Inheritance

In this type of inheritance a sub class inherits
only from one base class.

x BASE CLASS

Y DERIVED
CLASS

class Sub : public Super //public derivation
{
: //members of Sub
//(the derived class)
};
Class Sub : private Super //private derivation
{
: //members of Sub
};

class Sub : protected Super //protected
//derivation
{
: //members of Sub
};
class Sub : Super //private derivation
by default
{
:
};

In this type of heritance a sub class inherits
from multiple base classes.
BASE CLASSES

x Y
Z
DERIVED
CLASS

Class Sub : public SuperA,private SuperB
{

: //members

};

In this type of inheritance many sub classes
inherit from a single base class.

Z BASE
CLASS

W X Y
DERIVED CLASSES
DERIVED CLASSES

The transitive nature of inheritance is reflected by
this form of inheritance . In this form a class that
itself inherits from another class.

X BASE CLASS OF Y

Y DERIVED CLASS OF X
BASE CLASS OF Z

Z DERIVED CLASS OF Y

Hybrid inheritance combines two or more
forms of inheritance.
EXAMPLE
X

Y Z

A B C

Polymorphism is the visibility for a
message or data to be processed in more
than one form .
It is a property by which the same message
can be sent to objects of several different
classes and each object can respond in a
different way depending on its class .

void prnsqr (into i)
{ cout<<“Integer”<<i<<“ „s square is”<<i*i<<endl;
}
void prnsqr(char c);
{ cout<<c<<“is character”;
cout<<“Thus No square for it”<<endl;
}
void prnsqr(float f)
{ cout<<“Double float”<<f<<“ „s square is”<<f*f;
cout<<endl;
}
void prnsqr(double d)
{ cout <<“Double float”<<d<<“ „s square is”<<d*d<<endl;
}

Re – use of code
Ease of comprehension
Ease of fabrication and maintenance
Easy redesign and extension

 With OOP, classes tend be overly generalized.
 The relations among classes become artificial at
times.
 The OOP programs design is tricky.
 Also one needs to do proper planning and proper
design for OOP programming.
 To program with OOP, programmer need proper
skills such as design skills, programming skills, etc.

Object Oriented Program

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