Download to read offline
PICPICPICPICPICPICPICPICPICPICPICPIC .ppt
- 1. An Introduction toPIC Microcontrollers Supervised by : Dr. Lo’ai Tawalbeh Jordan University of Science & Technology Faculty of Computer & Information Technology Computer Engineering Department Rami Mohammad Al-Sheikh Fady Ahmad Ghanim
- 2. Family Core Arch FamilyCore Arch . . Differences Differences Overview PIC16F877A Features PIC16F877A Features PIC16F877A Memory PIC16F877A Memory PIC16F877A Peripherals PIC16F877A Peripherals PIC16F877A Instruction Set PIC16F877A Instruction Set Introduction Introduction Different Architectures Different Architectures
- 3. Introduction What isPIC? - A family of Harvard architecture microcontrollers made by Microchip Technology - Derived from the PIC1650 originally developed by General Instrument Microelectronics Division. - The name PIC was originally an acronym for "Programmable Intelligent Computer".
- 4. Introduction Why PICis popular? low cost ,wide availability with high clock speed availability of low cost or free development tools Only 37 instructions to remember serial programming and re-programming with flash memory capability Its code is extremely efficient, allowing the PIC to run with typically less program memory than its larger competitors PIC is very small and easy to implement for non- complex problems and usually accompanies to the microprocessors as an interface
- 5. Two Different Architectures Harvard Architectures (newer arch.) Von-Neumann Architecture
- 6. Two Different Architectures Harvard Architectures Used mostly in RISC CPUs Separate program bus and data bus: can be of different widths For example, PICs use: Data memory (RAM): a small number of 8bit registers Program memory (ROM): 12bit, 14bit or 16bit wide (in EPROM, FLASH, or ROM) Von-Neumann Architecture Used in: 80X86 (CISC PCs) Only one bus between CPU and memory RAM and program memory share the same bus and the same memory, and so must have the same bit width Bottleneck: Getting instructions interferes with accessing RAM
- 7. RISC vs. CISC Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC) Used in: SPARC, ALPHA, Atmel AVR, etc. Few instructions (usually < 50) Only a few addressing modes Executes 1 instruction in 1 internal clock cycle (Tcyc) Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC) Used in: 80X86, 8051, 68HC11, etc. Many instructions (usually > 100) Several addressing modes Usually takes more than 1 internal clock cycle (Tcyc) to execute
- 8. Family Core ArchitectureDifferences The PIC Family: Cores 12bit cores with 33 instructions: 12C50x, 16C5x 14bit cores with 35 instructions: 12C67x,16Cxxx 16bit cores with 58 instructions: 17C4x,17C7xx ‘Enhanced’ 16bit cores with 77 instructions: 18Cxxx
- 9. The PIC Family:Speed Can use crystals, clock oscillators, or even an RC circuit. Can use crystals, clock oscillators, or even an RC circuit. Some PICs have a built in 4MHz RC clock, Not very Some PICs have a built in 4MHz RC clock, Not very accurate, but requires no external components! accurate, but requires no external components! Instruction speed = 1/4 clock speed (Tcyc = 4 * Tclk) Instruction speed = 1/4 clock speed (Tcyc = 4 * Tclk) All PICs can be run from DC to their maximum specified All PICs can be run from DC to their maximum specified speed: speed: 12C50x 4MHz 12C67x 10MHz 16Cxxx 20MHz 17C4x / 17C7xxx 33MHz 18Cxxx 40MHz
- 10. Clock and InstructionCycles Instruction Clock Instruction Clock Clock from the oscillator enters a microcontroller via OSC1 pin where internal circuit of a microcontroller divides the clock into four even clocks Q1, Q2, Q3, and Q4 which do not overlap. These four clocks make up one instruction cycle (also called machine cycle) during which one instruction is executed. Execution of instruction starts by calling an instruction that is next in string. Instruction is called from program memory on every Q1 and is written in instruction register on Q4. Decoding and execution of instruction are done between the next Q1 and Q4 cycles. On the following diagram we can see the relationship between instruction cycle and clock of the oscillator (OSC1) as well as that of internal clocks Q1-Q4. Program counter (PC) holds information about the address of the next instruction.
- 11. Pipelining in PIC Instruction Pipeline Flow Instruction Pipeline Flow
- 12. The PIC Family:Program Memory Technology: EPROM, FLASH, or ROM It varies in size from one chip to another. - examples: - examples: 12C508 512 12bit instructions 16C711 1024 ( 1k ) 14bit instructions 16F877 8192 ( 8k ) 14bit instructions 17C766 16384 ( 16k ) 16bit instructions
- 13. The PIC Family:Data Memory PICs use general purpose “File registers” for RAM PICs use general purpose “File registers” for RAM (each register is 8bits for all PICs) (each register is 8bits for all PICs) - examples: - examples: 12C508 25B RAM 16C71C 36B RAM 16F877 368B RAM + 256B of nonvolatile EEPROM 17C766 902B RAM
- 14. PIC Programming Procedure For example: in programming an embedded PIC featuring electronically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM). The essential steps are: Step 1: On a PC, type the program, successfully compile it and then generate the HEX file. Step 2: Using a PIC device programmer, upload the HEX file into the PIC. This step is often called "burning". Step 3: Insert your PIC into your circuit, power up and verify the program works as expected. This step is often called "dropping" the chip. If it isn't, you must go to Step 1 and debug your program and repeat burning and dropping.
- 15. PIC16F877A Features High PerformanceRISC CPU: Only 35 single word instructions to learn All single cycle instructions except for program branches, which are two-cycle Operating speed: DC - 20 MHz clock input DC - 200 ns instruction cycle
- 16. PIC16F877A Pin Layout PORTAPORTB PORTE PORTC PORTC PORTD PORTD ADC inputs Counter 0 external input
- 17. PIC Memory ThePIC16F877A has an 8192 (8k) 14bit instruction program memory 368 Bytes Registers as Data Memory : Special Function Registers: used to control peripherals and PIC behaviors General Purpose Registers: used to a normal temporary storage space (RAM) 256 Bytes of nonvolatile EEPROM
- 18. PIC Program Memory The PIC16F877 8192 (8k) 14bit instructions If interrupted, program execution continues from here When the controller is reset, program execution starts from here Takes a max of 8 addresses, the ninth address will write over the first.
- 19. PIC Data Memory Thedata memory is devided into 4 memory banks The most important registers have addresses in all the four banks
- 20. Register Addressing Modes IndirectAddressing: • Full 8 bit register address is written the special function register FSR • INDF is used to get the content of the address pointed by FSR • Exp : A sample program to clear RAM locations H’20’ – H’2F: MOVLW 0x20 ;initialize pointer MOVWF FSR ;to RAM NEXT CLRF INDF ;clear INDF register INCF FSR,F ;inc pointer BTFSS FSR,4 ;all done? GOTO NEXT ;no clear next CONTINUE : ;yes continue Immediate Addressing: Movlw H’0F’ Direct Addressing: Uses 7 bits of 14 bit instruction to identify a register file address 8th and 9th bit comes from RP0 and RP1 bits of STATUS register. i.e. Z equ D’2’ ; Z=2 btfss STATUS, Z ; test if the 3rd bit of the STATUS register is set
- 21. PIC Family ControlRegisters Uses a series of “Special Function Registers” for controlling peripherals and PIC behaviors. STATUS Bank select bits, ALU bits (zero, borrow, carry) INTCON Interrupt control: interrupt enables, flags, etc. OPTION_REG contains various control bits to configure the TMR0 prescaler/WDT postscaler ,the External INT Interrupt, TMR0 and the weak pull-ups on PORTB
- 22. Special Function Register ”STATUSRegister“
- 23. Special Function Register ”INTCONRegister “
- 24. PIC Peripherals Eachperipheral has a set of SFRs to control its operation. Different PICs have different on-board peripherals
- 25. Peripheral Features 5Digital I/O Ports Three timer/counter modules Timer0: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit pre-scaler Timer1: 16-bit timer/counter with pre-scaler, can be incremented during SLEEP via external crystal/clock Timer2: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit period register, pre-scaler and post-scaler A 10-bit ADC with 8 inputs Two Capture, Compare, PWM modules Capture is 16-bit, max. resolution is 12.5 ns Compare is 16-bit, max. resolution is 200 ns PWM max. resolution is 10-bit Synchronous Serial Port (SSP) with SPI™ (Master mode) and I2C™ (Master/Slave) Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (USART/SCI) with 9-bit address detection Parallel Slave Port (PSP) 8-bits wide, with external RD, WR and CS controls
- 26. PIC Peripherals: Ports(Digital I/O) Ports are basically digital I/O pins which exist in all PICs The PIC16F877A have the following ports: PORT A has 6 bit wide, Bidirectional PORT B,C,D have 8 bit wide, Bidirectional PORT E has 3 bit wide, Bidirectional Ports have 2 control registers TRISx sets whether each pin is an input (1) or output (0) PORTx sets their output bit levels or contain their input bit levels Pin functionality “overloaded” with other features Most pins have 25mA source/sink thus it can drive LEDs directly
- 27. PIC Peripherals: Analogueto Digital Converter Only available in 14bit and 16bit cores Fs (sample rate) < 54KHz the result is a 10 bit digital number Can generate an interrupt when ADC conversion is done
- 28. PIC Peripherals: Analogueto Digital Converter The A/D module has four registers. These registers are: A/D Result High Register (ADRESH) A/D Result Low Register (ADRESL) A/D Control Register0 (ADCON0) A/D Control Register1 (ADCON1) Multiplexed 8 channel inputs Must wait Tacq to charge up sampling capacitor Can take a reference voltage different from that of the controller
- 29. PIC Peripherals: USART:UART Serial Communications Peripheral: Universal Synch./Asynch. Receiver/Transmitter Interrupt on TX buffer empty and RX buffer full Asynchronous communication: UART (RS-232C serial) Can do 300bps - 115kbps 8 or 9 bits, parity, start and stop bits, etc. Outputs 5V so you need a RS232 level converter (e.g., MAX232)
- 30. PIC Peripherals: USART:UART Synchronous communication: i.e., with clock signal SPI = Serial Peripheral Interface 3 wire: Data in, Data out, Clock Master/Slave (can have multiple masters) Very high speed (1.6Mbps) Full speed simultaneous send and receive (Full duplex) I2C = Inter IC 2 wire: Data and Clock Master/Slave (Single master only; multiple masters clumsy) Lots of cheap I2C chips available; typically < 100kbps
- 31. PIC Peripherals: Timers Available in all PICs. generate interrupts on timer overflow. Some 8bits, some 16bits, some have prescalers and/or postscalers Can use external pins as clock in/clock out (ie, for counting events or using a different Fosc)
- 32. Timer 0 BlockDiagram
- 33.
- 34. PIC16F877A Block Diagram Instruction Bus Most important registerin the PIC must be involved in all arithmetic operations Data Bus Data Memory Instruction Memory
- 35. PIC16F877A Block Diagram Resetsthe controller after a specified time Keep the controller in reset state until power reaches an acceptable level & steady Keep the controller in reset state until the oscillator is started & stable Resets the controller after detecting Brown-Out condition Brown-out: when the supplying voltage falls below a trip point (BVDD). This ensures that the device does not continue program execution outside the valid operation range of the device Typically used in AC line or large battery application where large loads maybe switched in and cause the device voltage to temporarily fall below the specified operating minimum
- 36.
- 37. Literal and ControlInstructions
- 38.
- 39.
- 40. PIC Applications LEDFlasher Loop: bsf PORTB, 0 call Delay_500ms bcf PORTB, 0 call Delay_500ms goto Loop
- 41. PIC Applications ButtonRead Movlw 0 movwf TRISD, f bsf TRISD, 2 Loop: btfsc PORTD, 2 goto light goto No_light Light: bsf PORTB,0 goto Loop No_light: bcf PORTB,0 goto Loop
- 42. References and Further Referencesand Further Readings Readings http://www.microchip.com http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PIC_microcontroller 16F87x Data Sheet Mid Range Manual Thank You For Thank You For Your Attendance Your Attendance . .