Singularity University Open Source Panel

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Singularity University Panelon Open Source 2009-07-28 The Commons as a collective intelligence meta-innovation Mike Linksvayer Creative Commons Photo by asadal · Licensed under CC Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 · http://flickr.com/photos/68242677@N00/2117153416/

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Creative Commons .ORGNonprofit organization, launched to public December 2002

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HQ and ccLearnin San Francisco

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Science Commons divisionat MIT

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~70 international jurisdictionprojects, coordinated from Berlin

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Foundation, corporate, and individual funding

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Born at Stanford,supported by Silicon Valley

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Enabling Reasonable CopyrightSpace between ignoring copyright and ignoring fair use & public good

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Legal and technicaltools enabling a “Some Rights Reserved” model

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Like “free software”or “open source” for content/media But with more restrictive options

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Media is morediverse and at least a decade(?) behind software

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Six Mainstream Licenses

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Lawyer Readable

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Human Readable

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Machine Readable <rdf:RDFxmlns="http://creativecommons.org/ns#" xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"> <License rdf:about="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/nl/"> <permits rdf:resource="http://creativecommons.org/ns#Reproduction"/> <permits rdf:resource="http://creativecommons.org/ns#Distribution"/> <requires rdf:resource="http://creativecommons.org/ns#Notice"/> <requires rdf:resource="http://creativecommons.org/ns#Attribution"/> <prohibits rdf:resource="http://creativecommons.org/ns#CommercialUse"/> <permits rdf:resource="http://creativecommons.org/ns#DerivativeWorks"/> <requires rdf:resource="http://creativecommons.org/ns#ShareAlike"/> </License> </rdf:RDF>

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Machine Readable (Work) My Book by <a rel=" cc:attributionURL " property=" cc:attributionName " href=" http://example.org/me "> My Name </a> is licensed under a <a rel=" license " href=" http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ " >Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License</a>. Permissions beyond the scope of this license may be available at <a rel=" cc:morePermissions " href=" http://example.com/revenue_sharing_agreement ">example.com</a>.

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DRMfree “ DRMVoodo” by psd licensed under CC BY 2.0 http://flickr.com/photos/psd/1806247462/

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Software/Culture (i) Utilitarian/obviousbut narrow reuse vs non-utilitarian but universal reuse possible Gecko in Firefox, Thunderbird, Songbird... = Obvious

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Device driver codein web application = Huh?

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Cat photos andheavy metal = music video

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Software/Culture (ii) Maintenancenecessary vs rare Non-maintained software = dead

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“Maintained” cultural work= pretty special

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(Wikis are somewhatlike software in this respect)

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Software/Culture (iii) Roughlyall or nothing modifiable form vs varied and degradable forms You have the source code or you don’t

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Text w/markup >PDF > Bitmap scan

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Multitracks > Highbitrate > Low bitrate

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Software/Culture (iv) Constructionis identical to creating modifiable form vs. iteratively leaving materials on the cutting room floor

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Software/Culture (v) WhyNoDerivatives and NonCommercial? Legal sharing of verbatim works made interesting by filesharing wars

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Maybe less emphasison maintenance means Restrictions on field of use less impactful

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Free commercial usemore impactful on existing business models

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Sofware/Culture (vi) Commercialanticommons When distributed maintenance is important, NC is unusable for business (one explanation of why free software ≅ open source)

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Maybe some artists want a commercial anticommons: nobody can be “exploited” ... but most want to exploit commerce. NC maybe does both.

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History (i) Someevocative dates for software ... 1983: Launch of GNU Project

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1989: GPLv1

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1991: Linux kernel,GPLv2

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1993: Debian

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1996: Apache

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1998: Mozilla, “opensource”, IBM

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History (ii) ...evocative dates for software 1999: crazine$$

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2004: Firefox 1.0

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2007: [AL]GPLv3

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????: World Domination

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History (iii) Opencontent licenses (some of them Free): 1998: Open Content License

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1999: Open PublicationLicense

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2000: GFDL, FreeArt License

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2001: EFF OpenAudio License

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History (iv) Otherearly 2000s open content licenses (some of them Free): Design Science License, Ethymonics Free Music Public License, Open Music Green/Yellow/Red/Rainbow Licenses, Open Source Music License, No Type License, Public Library of Science Open Access License, Electrohippie Collective's Ethical Open Documentation License

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History (v) Versioningof Creative Commons licenses (some of them Free): 2002: 1.0

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2004: 2.0

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2005: 2.5

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2007: 3.0

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History (vi) Anti-proliferation?2003: author of Open Content/Publication licenses recommends CC instead and PLoS adopts CC BY 2004: EFF OAL 2.0 declares CC BY-SA 2.0 its next version No significant new culture licenses since 2002 2008+: Possible Wikipedia migration to CC BY-SA

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Indicators (community) 1993:Debian :: 2001 : Wikipedia 8 years

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Wikipedia’s success camefaster and more visibly

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Does Wikipedia evenneed an Ubuntu (2004)?

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But how typicalis Wikipedia of free culture?

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Indicators (business) 1989:Cygnus Solutions :: 2003 : Magnatune 14 years

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Cygnus acquired byRed Hat (1999); Magnatune’s long term impact TBD

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Magnatune may notbe Free enough for some, but it seems like the best analogy for now

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Indicators (big business)1998: IBM :: ???? : ? No analogous investments have been made in free culture. Most large computer companies have now made large investments in free/open source software 1998: Microsoft :: 2008 : Big Media Could Microsoft’s attitude toward openness a decade ago be analogous to big media’s today?

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Indicators (Wikitravel) Verycool round-trip story: 2003: Launch, CC BY-SA

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2006: Acquired byInternet Brands

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2008: First WikitravelPress paper titles Community is the new “IP”?

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Indicators (NIN) GhostsI-IV released 2008 under CC BY-NC-SA: $1.6m gross in first week

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$750k in twodays from limited edition “ultra deluxe edition”

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This while availablelegally and easily, gratis.

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NC doesn’t seemimportant in this story ... yet

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Indicators (Summary Guesses)Free culture is at least a decade behind free software Except where it has mass collaboration/maintenance aspects of software, where it may rocket ahead (Wikipedia) Generally culture is much more varied than software; success will be spikey

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In Innovation, Metais Max “The max net-impact innovations, by far, have been meta-innovations, i.e., innovations that changed how fast other innovations accumulated.” Robin Hanson (Economist) http://www.overcomingbias.com/2008/06/meta-is-max---i.html

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Collective Intelligence Metainnovation?

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Commons Meta innovationfor Collective Intelligence?

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$2.2 trillion Valueof fair use in the U.S. Economy http://www.ccianet.org/artmanager/publish/news/First-Ever_Economic_Study_Calculates_Dollar_Value_of.shtml also see http://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/7643

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Cyber terrorism (Cyberterror war on) Privacy breaches Loss of Generativity Lock-in Surveillance DRM Censorship Suppression of innovation Electoral fraud Luddism

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Threat categories Legitimatesecurity issues

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Protectionism

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Politics and power

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Security theater andfear-based responses (driven by all of above, not just legitimate security issues)

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What digital freedomsneeded for beneficial collective intelligence? Keep same rights online/digitally that we (should anyway) have offline/IRL

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Permit innovation andparticipation enabled by digital world even if not possible before (probably follows from above)

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How building thecommons (free software, free culture, and friends) helps

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Security Data showsFLOSS is more secure

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Security through obscuritydoesn’t work

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FLOSS encourages aheterogeneous computing environment

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Free software andfree culture both allergic to DRM and other mechanisms that sacrifice security to other goals

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Protectionism Peer productionundermines policy arguments for protecting knowledge industries

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Free software andfree culture both allergic to DRM

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Politics and powerFree software and culture improve transparency

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... and theability of all to participate

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Peer production worksagainst concentrated power — doesn’t require concentrated production structures and lowers barriers to entry

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Security theater andfear Access to facts mitigates fear and allows rational evaluation of responses

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Commons work againstthree previous threats that drive security theater and fear

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Can the successof the (digital) commons alter how we view freedom and power generally?

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“The gate thathas held the movements for equalization of human beings strictly in a dilemma between ineffectiveness and violence has now been opened. The reason is that we have shifted to a zero marginal cost world. As steel is replaced by software, more and more of the value in society becomes non-rivalrous: it can be held by many without costing anybody more than if it is held by a few.” Eben Moglen

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“If we don’twant to live in a jungle, we must change our attitudes. We must start sending the message that a good citizen is one who cooperates when appropriate, not one who is successful at taking from others.” Richard Stallman

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i.e., we canform collective intelligences instead of forced collectives ... and still “change the world”

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Building the commonsis key to achieving a good future Politicians and corporations are unimaginative ... they need to see solutions, or they react in fear

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A dominant commonsmakes many collective stupidity scenarios much less likely

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Beneficial collective intelligenceneeds universal access to culture, educational resources, research ... in machine-readable form

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License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ AttributionAuthor: Mike Linksvayer

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Link: http://creativecommons.orgQuestions? [email_address] Detail of image by psd · Licensed under CC Attribution 2.0 · http://flickr.com/photos/psd/1805374441

Singularity University Open Source Panel

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