What is Open Access? An Introduction to OA

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What is
Open Access?
Open Access 101: Unlocking the power of scientific research
Clobridge Consulting | What is Open Access? (2014) | www.clobridgeconsulting.com
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License

Open Access 101
The Open Knowledge environment
Discoverability through Metadata
Interoperability for an e-research infrastructure
Open Access Repositories
Open Access Journals
Why Open Access?
What is Open Access?
Open Access Policies
Clobridge Consulting | What is Open Access?: Open Access 101 (2014) | www.clobridgeconsulting.com
open

What is Open Access?
Introduction to Open Access
OPEN ACCESS is: Scholarly research that isDIGITAL,
Free to ACCESS &
Free to USE with minimal restrictions
Open Access (OA) is the free, unrestricted access via the internet to knowledge in the form of research outputs –so research is free to access and includes full re-use rights.
Making knowledge both free to access and free to use, re-use, and build upon is critical for international development, innovation, and progress. Science builds on itself and requires collaboration and the exchange of ideas, but individuals must be able to access and fully use this knowledge base in order to engage.

Why Open Access?
INCREASED ACCESS, EXPOSURE, & USAGE
Global Access
Global Visibility
Global Exposure
Private sector, practitioners, policy makers, students have access to research
Public access to publicly-funded research
Increased citations
Increased usage
Faster time from research to application
Research & discovery through open licenses –legal re-use, adaptations, remixing
Sparks innovation & creativity

“Gold” OA:
Authors publish in Open Access journals, i.e. scholarly journals which are: peer-reviewed, free to access, and free to use
Open Access journals* are:
•Free to access
•Free to use: at a minimum, the journals allow users to “read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full text of articles”
•Scholarly in nature: these journals exercise peer-review or editorial quality control
•Immediate access: no embargo or delay on open status
*Based on the Budapest Open Access Initiative (BOAI) definition of Open Access and the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) criteria for inclusion in DOAJ database. More details: https://doaj.org/about

Myth: all Open Access journals charge author fees.
Reality: While some do levy Article-Processing Charges (APCs) or
publication fees, many don’t.
“Hybrid” journals: Subscription-based/closed access journals (not Open Access) but offer authors the option to make their articles openly accessible for a price.
“Diamond” Open Access Journals: Open Access without APCs
Article-Processing Charges (APCs): Usually range from $99 to $3500, but wide differences between journals and publishers.

Open Access and the digital environment have led to new types of publishing and a changing scholarly ecosystem.
MegaJournals
New type of journal. Journals accept all submissions within scope that are based on sound science and publish as articles areavailable, not on a set printing schedule. Examples: PLoSOne, BMJ Open, Peer J,SAGE Open
Cross-disciplinary journals
Cross-disciplinary journals: Stronger support for interdisciplinary journals and others which cross traditional boundaries which were not sustainable in traditional models.
Library as publisher
Publisher: Increasingly, more libraries are hosting journals and serving in the role of publisher. By using the open-source platform Open Journal Systems (OJS), libraries are working with university presses or individual editors and hosting peer-reviewed journals.
Altmetricsand Article-LevelMetrics
Different types of metrics to measure and gauge access to research. The digital environment has made it possible to begin tracking downloads, page views, and social media references to a particular item at the article level, rather than at the journal level.

Open Access Repositories
“Green” Open Access:
1)Authors publish in scholarly journal, AND
2)Deposit manuscript into an Open Access repository
Interoperable, standards-compliant repositories to collect, describe, disseminate, and preserve open content
COLLECT
Check self-archiving permissions in SHERPA/RoMEOdatabase
DEPOSIT
Deposit appropriate version & metadata into repository
DISSEMINATE
Disseminate via Open Access Repositories
1
2
3

Open Access Policies
-Organizational OA policies by funding agencies
-National policies
-Universities with institutional policies
Examples of National and Research Funders’ OA & Related Policies
Mandate Open Access through:
-Argentina (national policy)
-Australia Research Council
-Autism Speaks
-CGIAR
-European Commission
-Food & Agriculture Organization (FAO)
-Germany (national policy)
-Spain (national policy)
-UK Department of International Development (DFID)
-United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
-White House Office of Science & Technology Policy, covering top US federal funding agencies
-US National Institutes of Health
-WellcomeTrust
-World Bank

Metadata
Metadata: “Data about data”
In order for Open Access research to be usable, it must first be
discoverable. Rich metadata makes it possible for search engines
and other systems to find Open Access scholarship. Since most Open Access content is accessed via search engines, it is critical that materials are discoverable.
Metadata can include details such as:
•Authors’ names and institutional affiliations
•Subject matter
•Abstract or short description of the research
•Publication details: journal title, volume, issue
•Intellectual property rights
•Publication dates
•Embargo dates
•Administrative details

Interoperability
“Interoperability is the technical ‘glue’ that makes possible an emerging open science infrastructure –an infrastructure that connects a global, de-centralisednetwork of repositories and other tools. While technology exists to make possible this integration, the landscape around interoperability is complex, and continually evolving.”
–The Case for Interoperabilityby The Confederation of Open Access Repositories (COAR)

Interoperability
Interoperability & adoption of international standards make it possible to develop new tools to support repositories and connect repositories to build a global e-research infrastructure.
Metadata harvesting
-OAI-PMH
Protocols for transferring content between systems
-SWORD: Deposit once, push content to multiple systems
-DataverseAPIs
Author identifiers, data identifiers
-ORCID, AuthorID, PersID
Article-level metrics (ALMs) and altmetricsfor repositories
-Impact Story, Almetrics.org, Plum Analytics
-PLOS Article-Level Metrics API

Open Knowledge
•Open Data
•Open Education
•Open Educational Resources (OERs)
•Open Licenses
•Open Scholarship / Open Peer-Review
•Open Science
•Open Source Software
open
Open Access to research is one component of the growing Open Knowledge environment:

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Clobridge Consulting | What is Open Access? (2014) | www.clobridgeconsulting.com
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License
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What is Open Access? An Introduction to OA

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