DIGITAL SYSTEMS I CHAPTER 1 DIGITAL CONCEPTS

By Pn Siti Nor Diana

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved

Summary
Analog Quantities Most natural quantities that we see are analog and vary continuously. Analog systems can generally handle higher power than digital systems.
Temperature (F) 100 95 90 85 80 75 70 Time of day 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
A .M . P.M .

Digital systems can process, store, and transmit data more efficiently but can only assign discrete values to each point.
Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved

Summary
Analog and Digital Systems Many systems use a mix of analog and digital electronics to take advantage of each technology. A typical CD player accepts digital data from the CD drive and converts it to an analog signal for amplification.
CD drive

10110011101 Digital data

Digital-to-analog converter

Linear amplifier Analog reproduction of music audio signal

Speaker Sound waves

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved

Summary
Binary Digits and Logic Levels Digital electronics uses circuits that have two states, which are represented by two different voltage levels called HIGH and LOW. The voltages represent numbers in the binary system.
VH(max)

In binary, a single number is called a bit (for binary digit). A bit can have the value of either a 0 or a 1, depending on if the voltage is HIGH or LOW.

HIGH
VH(min)

Invalid
VL(max)

LOW
VL(min)

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved

Summary
Digital Waveforms

Digital waveforms change between the LOW and HIGH levels. A positive going pulse is one that goes from a normally LOW logic level to a HIGH level and then back again. Digital waveforms are made up of a series of pulses.
HIGH Rising or leading edge LOW Falling or trailing edge HIGH Falling or leading edge LOW Rising or trailing edge

t0

t1

t0

t1

(a) Positivegoing pulse

(b) Negativegoing pulse

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved

Summary
Pulse Definitions

Actual pulses are not ideal but are described by the rise time, fall time, amplitude, and other characteristics.
Overshoot Ringing Droop 90% Amplitude 50% 10% Base line tr Rise time tf Fall time tW Pulse width Ringing Undershoot

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved

Summary
Periodic Pulse Waveforms

Periodic pulse waveforms are composed of pulses that repeats in a fixed interval called the period. The frequency is the rate it repeats and is measured in hertz.
1 f T

1 T f

The clock is a basic timing signal that is an example of a periodic wave.

What is the period of a repetitive wave if f = 3.2 GHz?
T 1 1 313 ps f 3.2 GHz
2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

Summary
Pulse Definitions

In addition to frequency and period, repetitive pulse waveforms are described by the amplitude (A), pulse width (tW) and duty cycle. Duty cycle is the ratio of tW to T.
Volts

Amplitude (A)

Pulse width (tW)

Time
Period, T

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved

Summary
Timing Diagrams A timing diagram is used to show the relationship between two or more digital waveforms,
Clock

A B C

A diagram like this can be observed directly on a logic analyzer.

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved

Summary
Serial and Parallel Data

Data can be transmitted by either serial transfer or parallel transfer.

1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0

t0
Computer

t1

t2

t3

t 4 t5

t6

t7
Modem

1
Computer

0 1 1 0 0 1 0

Printer

t0

t1

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved

Summary
Basic Logic Functions

True only if all input conditions are true.

True only if one or more input conditions are true. Indicates the opposite condition.

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved

Summary
Basic System Functions And, or, and not elements can be combined to form various logic functions. A few examples are: The comparison function
Two binary numbers
B A

Comparator A> B A= B
A< B

Outputs

Basic arithmetic functions

A Two binary numbers B Carry in Cin

Adder Cout Sum Carry out

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved

Summary
Basic System Functions
HIGH 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Encoder Binary code for 9 used for storage and/or computation

The encoding function

7 4 1 0

8 5 2 .

9 6 3 +/

Calculator keypad

The decoding function

Decoder Binary input

7-segment display

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved

Summary
Basic System Functions The data selection function
Multiplexer A t1 B t2 C t3 t3 Data from A to D t1 Data from B to E t2 Data from C to F t3 Data from A to D t 1 Demultiplexer D t1 E t2 F

Switching sequence control input

Switching sequence control input

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved

Summary
Basic System Functions The counting function
Counter Parallel output lines Binary code for 1 Binary code for 2 Binary code for 3 Binary code for 4 Binary code for 5

2 3 4 Input pulses

Sequence of binary codes that represent the number of input pulses counted.

and other functions such as code conversion and storage.

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved

Summary
Basic System Functions One type of storage function is the shift register, that moves and stores data each time it is clocked.
Serial bits on input line

0101 010 01 0

0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1

Initially , the register contains onlyinvalid data or all zeros as shown here. First bit (1) is shifted serially into the register. Second bit (0) is shifted serially into register and first bit is shifted right. Third bit (1) is shifted into register and the first and second bits are shifted right. Fourth bit (0) is shifted into register and the first, second, and third bits are shifted right. The register now stores all four bits and is full.

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved

Summary
Integrated Circuits

Cutaway view of DIP (Dual-In-line Pins) chip:

Chip Plastic case

Pins

The TTL series, available as DIPs are popular for laboratory experiments with logic.
Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved

Summary
Integrated Circuits An example of laboratory prototyping is shown. The circuit is wired using DIP chips and tested. DIP chips
In this case, testing can be done by a computer connected to the system.

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved

Summary
Integrated Circuits

DIP chips and surface mount chips

Pin 1

Dual in-line package

Small outline IC (SOIC)

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved

Summary
Integrated Circuits

Other surface mount packages:

End view

End view

End view

SOIC

PLCC

LCCC

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved

Summary
Test and Measurement Instruments The front panel controls for a general-purpose oscilloscope can be divided into four major groups.
VERT ICAL CH 1 CH 2 BOT H POSIT ION POSIT ION POSIT ION LEVEL HORIZONT AL T RIGGER SLOPE +

VOLT S/DIV

VOLT S/DIV

SEC/DIV

SOURCE
CH 1 CH 2

5V

2 mV

5V

2 mV

5s

5 ns

E XT L INE

COUPLING
AC-DC-GND

COUPLING
AC-DC-GND

T RIG COUP
DC AC

DISPLAY

P R OB E COMP 5V

CH 1

CH 2

EXT T RIG

INT ENSIT Y

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved

Vertical section
S ignal coupling AC Ch 1 DC GND Volts/Di v Amp

For measuring digital Summary signals, use DC coupling

Display section
Conversion/storage (Digital scopes only) Analog only Conversion/storage (Digital scopes only) Digital only Intensity

Test and Measurement Instruments

AC Ch 2 DC GND Vertical position Amp

Trigger section
External trigger coupling External trigger AC DC Ch 1 Ext Line Trigger source Ch 2 Trigger level and slope Trigger circuits

Horizontal section
Control and process (Digital scopes only) S ec /Div Time base Horizontal position

AC P ower supply

Normally, trigger on the slower of two waveforms when comparing signals.

DC to all sec tions

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved

Summary
Test and Measurement Instruments The logic analyzer can display multiple channels of digital information or show data in tabular form.

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved

Summary
Test and Measurement Instruments
OFF

0.01 V
V Hz V

The DMM can make three basic electrical measurements. Voltage Resistance Current

mV

A
10 A

Range Autorange T ouc h/Hold

1s 1s

40 m A
Fused

COM

In digital work, DMMs are useful for checking power supply voltages, verifying resistors, testing continuity, and occasionally making other measurements.

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved

Summary
Programmable Logic Programmable logic devices (PLDs) are an alternative to fixed function devices. The logic can be programmed for a specific purpose. In general, they cost less and use less board space that fixed function devices. A PAL device is a form of PLD that uses a combination of a programmable AND array and a fixed OR array:
Programmable AND array Fixed OR array and output logic

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved

Selected Key Terms

Analog Being continuous or having continuous values.

Digital Related to digits or discrete quantities; having a set of discrete values.

Binary Having two values or states; describes a number system that has a base of two and utilizes 1 and 0 as its digits. Bit A binary digit, which can be a 1 or a 0. Pulse A sudden change from one level to another, followed after a time, called the pulse width, by a sudden change back to the original level.
Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved

Selected Key Terms

Clock A basic timing signal in a digital system; a periodic waveform used to synchronize actions. Gate A logic circuit that performs a basic logic operations such as AND or OR. NOT A basic logic function that performs inversion.

AND A basic logic operation in which a true (HIGH) output occurs only when all input conditions are true (HIGH). OR A basic logic operation in which a true (HIGH) output occurs when when one or more of the input conditions are true (HIGH).
Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved

Selected Key Terms

Fixed-function A category of digital integrated circuits having logic functions that cannot be altered. Programmable A category of digital integrated circuits capable of logic being programmed to perform specified functions.

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved

1. Compared to analog systems, digital systems a. are less prone to noise b. can represent an infinite number of values c. can handle much higher power d. all of the above

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved 2008 Pearson Education

2. The number of values that can be assigned to a bit are a. one b. two c. three d. ten

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved 2008 Pearson Education

3. The time measurement between the 50% point on the leading edge of a pulse to the 50% point on the trailing edge of the pulse is called the a. rise time

b. fall time
c. period d. pulse width

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved 2008 Pearson Education

4. The time measurement between the 90% point on the trailing edge of a pulse to the 10% point on the trailing edge of the pulse is called the a. rise time

b. fall time
c. period d. pulse width

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved 2008 Pearson Education

5. The reciprocal of the frequency of a clock signal is the a. rise time b. fall time c. period d. pulse width

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved 2008 Pearson Education

6. If the period of a clock signal is 500 ps, the frequency is a. 20 MHz b. 200 MHz c. 2 GHz d. 20 GHz

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved 2008 Pearson Education

7. AND, OR, and NOT gates can be used to form a. storage devices b. comparators c. data selectors d. all of the above

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved 2008 Pearson Education

8. A shift register is an example of a a. storage device b. comparator c. data selector d. counter

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved 2008 Pearson Education

9. A device that is used to switch one of several input lines to a single output line is called a a. comparator b. decoder

c. counter
d. multiplexer

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved 2008 Pearson Education

10. For most digital work, an oscilloscope should be coupled to the signal using a. ac coupling b. dc coupling

c. GND coupling
d. none of the above

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved 2008 Pearson Education

Answers:
1. a 2. b 6. c 7. d

3. d
4. b 5. c

8. a
9. d 10. b

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved