Sir Syed University of Engineering &

Technology, Karachi

CS-128T Digital Logic Design

2nd Semester

Batch – 2020F Department of Computer Science & Information

Technology
Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed 1
 Introduction to Digital Systems
The world around us has become digital.
Personal devices we use, houses we live in, and cars we derive
contain digital system to simplify life for us.
There are four ways to realize a digital system:
1.Discrete logic gates
2.Microcontroller
3.Application-specific integrated circuit(ASIC)
4.Field-programmable gate array(FPGA)
All digital devices based on binary representation(0 or 1). In its basic
sense, we have two voltage levels to represent a binary
digit(bit). e.g. Ground for 0 and Vcc(supply voltage) for 1.
There are three levels to design digital circuits:
1.System level
2.Logic level
3.Device level
Digital systems at logic level can be classified as:
Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 ed
th
2
(a) Combinational systems (b) Sequential systems
 Introduction to Analog & Digital Systems
• Analog devices and systems process time-varying signals that
can take on any value across a continuous range.

Analog Signal

• Digital systems use digital circuits that process digital signals

which can take on one of two values, we call:
0 and 1 (digits of the binary number system)
High

or LOW and HIGH Low

or FALSE and TRUE Digital
Signal

• Digital computers represent the most common digital systems.

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed 3

 Analog & Digital Quantities

Most natural quantities that we see are analog and vary

continuously. Analog systems can generally handle higher
power than digital systems.
Temperature
(°F)

100
95
90
85
80
75
70
Time of day
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
A .M . P.M .

Digital systems can process, store, and transmit data more

efficiently but can only assign discrete values to each point.

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed 4

 Analog and Digital System’s Example
Many systems use a mix of analog and digital electronics to
take advantage of each technology. A typical CD player
accepts digital data from the CD drive and converts it to an
analog signal for amplification.
CD drive

10110011101 Digital-to-analog Linear amplifier

Digital data converter Analog
reproduction
of music audio Speaker
signal
Sound
waves

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed 5

 Advantages of Digital Systems Over Analog Systems

1.Accuracy of results
2.More reliable than analog systems due to better immunity to
noise.
3.Ease of design: No special math skills needed to visualize the
behavior of small digital (logic) circuits.
4.Flexibility and functionality.
5.Programmability.
6.Speed: A digital logic element can produce an output in less than
10 nanoseconds (10-8 seconds).
7.Economy: Due to the integration of millions of digital logic
elements on a single miniature chip forming low cost integrated
circuit (ICs).

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed 6

 Binary Digits and Logic Levels
Digital electronics uses circuits that have two states, which
are represented by two different voltage levels called
HIGH and LOW. The voltages represent numbers in the
binary system.

VH(max)

In binary, a single number is HIGH

called a bit (for binary digit). A VH(min)

bit can have the value of either Invalid

VL(max)
a 0 or a 1, depending on if the
voltage is HIGH or LOW. LOW
VL(min)

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed 7

 Digital Waveforms

Digital waveforms change between the LOW and HIGH

levels. A positive going pulse is one that goes from a
normally LOW logic level to a HIGH level and then back
again. Digital waveforms are made up of a series of pulses.

HIGH HIGH

Rising or Falling or Falling or Rising or

leading edge trailing edge leading edge trailing edge

LOW LOW
t0 t1 t0 t1

(a) Positive–going pulse (b) Negative–going pulse

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed 8

 Periodic Pulse Waveforms

Periodic pulse waveforms are composed of pulses that repeats

in a fixed interval called the period. The frequency is the rate
it repeats and is measured in hertz.
1 1
f  T
T f

The clock is a basic timing signal that is an example of a

periodic wave.
What is the period of a repetitive wave if f = 3.2 GHz?
1 1
T   313 ps
f 3.2 GHz

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed 9

 Pulse Definitions

In addition to frequency and period, repetitive pulse waveforms

are described by the amplitude (A), pulse width (tW) and duty
cycle. Duty cycle is the ratio of tW to T.
Volts

Pulse
width
Amplitude (tW)
(A)

Time
Period, T

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed 10

 Digital Waveforms

Major parts of a digital pulse

• Base line
• Amplitude
• Rise time (tr)
• Pulse width (tw)
• Fall time (tf)

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed 11

 Timing Diagrams

A timing diagram is used to show the relationship between

two or more digital waveforms,
Clock

A diagram like this can be observed

directly on a logic analyzer.

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed 12

 Digital (logic) Elements: Gates
• Digital devices or gates have one or more inputs and produce
an output that is a function of the current input value(s).
• All inputs and outputs are binary and can only take the
values 0 or 1
• A gate is called a combinational circuit because the output
only depends on the current input combination.
• Digital circuits are created by using a number of connected
gates such as the output of a gate is connected to to the input
of one or more gates in such a way to achieve specific outputs
for input values.
• Digital or logic design is concerned with the design of such
circuits.

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed 13

 Basic Logic Functions

True only if all input conditions

are true.

True only if one or more input

conditions are true.

Indicates the opposite condition.

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed 14

 Logic Gates: The AND Gate

• The AND Gate

A B A.B
A
B A.B 0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
Vcc

14 13 12 11 10 9 8 Truth table

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Ground

Top View of a TTL 74LS family 74LS08 Quad 2-input AND Gate IC Package

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed 15

 Logic Gates: The OR Gate
• The OR Gate
A B A+B
A
A+B 0 0 0
B
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
Truth table

Top View of a TTL 74LS family 74LS08 Quad 2-input OR Gate IC Package
Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed 16
 Logic Gates: The NAND Gate
• The NAND Gate
A  A
B
(A.B)'
(A.B)'
B
• NAND gate is self-sufficient (can build any logic circuit with it).
• Can be used to implement AND/OR/NOT.
• Implementing an inverter using NAND gate:

x x'

A B (A.B)'
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
Truth table

Floyd,Top View
Digital of a TTL
Fundamentals, 10th74LS
ed family 74LS00 Quad 2-input NAND Gate IC Package 17
 Logic Gates: The NOR Gate
• The NOR Gate
A
B
(A+B)'  A
B
(A+B)'

• NOR gate is also self-sufficient (can build any logic circuit with it).
• Can be used to implement AND/OR/NOT.
• Implementing an inverter using NOR gate:

x x'
A B (A+B)'
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0

Truth table

Top View of a TTL 74LS family 74LS02 Quad 2-input NOR Gate IC Package

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed 18

 Logic Gates: The XOR Gate
• The XOR Gate
A B AB
A 0 0 0
AB
B 0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
Truth table
Vcc
14 13 12 11 10 9 8

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Ground

Top View of a TTL 74LS family 74LS86 Quad 2-input XOR Gate IC Package

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed 19

 Integrated Circuits

• An Integrated circuit (IC) is a number of logic gated fabricated on a

single silicon chip.
• ICs can be classified according to how many gates they contain as
follows:
• Small-Scale Integration (SSI):
• Medium-Scale Integration (MSI):
• Large-Scale Integration (LSI):
• Very Large-Scale Integration (VLSI):
• Ultra Large-scale Integration(ULSI)
• Wafer-Scale Integration(WSI)
• System-On-a-Chip(SOC)
• Three-Dimensional Integrated Circuit(3D-IC)

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed 20