1
FACULTY OF COMPUTING
CONTENTS
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3
Analog quantities
• Most natural quantities that we see are analog and
vary continuously.
• Analog systems can generally handle higher power
than digital systems.
Temperature
(°F) Other examples:
100
95
90
85
80
75
70
Time of day
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
A .M . P.M .
Resource: Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th Edition 4
Digital quantities
Temperature
(°F)
100
95
90
85
80
75
70
Time of day
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
A .M . P.M .
• Digital systems can process, store, and transmit
data more efficiently but can only assign discrete
values (discontinuous) to each point.
Resource: Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th Edition 5
Analog vs Digital
1 1 1 1 HIGH
0 0 0 0 0 LOW
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Nyquist’s theorem for
digitization
Example of sampling analog-
to-digital (frequency at least 2
times higher than analog)
http://www.geardiary.com/2011/04/01/music-diary-notes-the-brave-new-
world-of-digital-music/digital_sampling/
7
http://musicandcomputers306.blogspot.com/2010/10/waveforms-ad-conversion-sampling.html
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Self-Test: Which of the following
belong to analog system?
(a) (b) (c)
(d) (e) (f)
Resource: Google searched 9
Answer
(a) (c)
(e)
Resource: Google searched 10
Example: Analog systems
Resource: Google searched 11
Example: Digital systems
Resource: Google searched 12
Digital
*DSL-2320B (ADSL Modem)
Resource: http://www.wirelessnetworkproducts.com/dsl-2320b.aspx 13
Digital
Exercise: Match the picture to which digital
application system it belong to.
(b)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d) (f)
(e)
(e)
(f)
(a) (d) (c)
Resource: http://www.wirelessnetworkproducts.com/dsl-2320b.aspx 14
15
http://www.tvjuneau.com/images/HDTV-Resolutions_Full.jpg
20Mhz
6Mhz
Laserdisc, CD, minidisc
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Analog and Digital Systems
• Many systems use a mix of analog and digital
electronics to take advantage of each technology.
• A typical CD player accepts digital data from the CD
drive and converts it to an analog signal for
amplification.
http://www.it-echo.com/2009/11/14/bose-wave-music-system-and-multi-cd-changer-bundle.html
http://cdn-static.zdnet.com/i/story/61/18/006128/31929466-2-440-overview-1.gif
Resource: Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th Edition 17
CD drive
10110011101 Digital-to-analog Linear amplifier
Digital data converter Analog
reproduction
of music audio Speaker
signal
Sound
waves
Resource: Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th Edition 18
CD drive
10110011101 Digital-to-analog Linear amplifier
Digital data converter Analog
reproduction
of music audio Speaker
signal
Sound
waves
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Conversion:
Analog to Digital Converter (ADC): http://www.idt.com/products/data-converters
• Convert analog signal into digital signal using process such as
sampling, quantization process and digital conversion.
• Error will occur during the sampling and quantization, hence
loss of information can happen.
Digital to Analog Converter (DAC):
• Needed if the speaker is using analog system.
• Need to convert the digital data to analog
signal in order for the speaker works properly
and the sound can heard by human.
http://thesoundviewstudio.com/audio-rentals.html
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21
Binary digits and logic levels
VH(max)
Digital electronics uses circuits HIGH
that have two states, which are VH(min)
represented by two different Invalid
voltage levels: VL(max)
LOW
VL(min)
A bit can have the value of
either a 0 or a 1, depending
on if the voltage is HIGH or
LOW.
Resource: Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th Edition 22
• Digital waveforms change between the LOW
and HIGH levels.
• A positive going pulse is one that goes from a
normally LOW logic level to a HIGH level and
then back again.
• Digital waveforms are made up of a series of
pulses.
Resource: Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th Edition 23
HIGH HIGH
Rising or Falling or Falling or Rising or
leading edge trailing edge leading edge trailing edge
LOW LOW
t0 t1 t0 t1
(a) Positive–going pulse (b) Negative–going pulse
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25
Digital Waveforms
Periodic
Non-Periodic / Aperiodic
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http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Waveforms.png
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Hz
seconds
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103
102
101
10-1
10-2
10-3
http://ruthpawson.rbe.sk.ca/johnson_math0910
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= (0.01 * 10-3) s x 103 = (0.01 * 10-3) s x 106
= (0.01 * 10-3+3) ms = (0.01 * 10-3+6) μs
= (0.01 * 100) ms = (0.01 * 103) μs
= 0.01 ms = 10 μs
31
Exercise 1.1 : Calculate the frequency of signals if time
period are given as the following:
a) .
b) .
c) .
d) .
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Exercise 1.2 : Calculate the time period of signals if the
frequencies are given as the following:
a) .
b) .
c) .
d) .
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Pulse Definition
Overshoot
Ringing
Droop
90%
Amplitude tW
50%
Pulse width
10%
Ringing
Base line Undershoot
tr tf
Rise time Fall time
Resource: Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th Edition 36
Repetitive Pulse Waveform
• In addition to frequency and period, repetitive pulse
waveforms are described by the amplitude (A), pulse
width (tW) and duty cycle.
• Duty cycle is the ratio of tW to T.
Volts
Pulse
width
Amplitude (A) (tW)
Time
Period, T
Resource: Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th Edition 37
Duty cycle is the ratio
of tW to T.
38
Exercise 1.3: Given the duration or period of a system is
1000ms, determine the on state and off state
of the system that operate with the ratio of
duty cycle is 25%. Show your works.
On State
Off State
Solution 1.3: T = 1000 ms
Duty cycle on state
Off state :
(module: page 18) 39
Exercise 1.4: Given the duration or period of a system is
1000ms, determine the on state and off state
of the system that operate with the ratio of
duty cycle is 50%. Show your works.
On State Off State
Solution 1.4: T = 1000 ms
Duty cycle on state
Off state :
(module: page 18) 40
Exercise 1.5: Given the duty cycles of a system is 40% for a
duration of 500ms.
a) Calculate the pulse width of the system.
b) Determine the off state of the system that
operate with the ratio of duty cycle.
Show your works.
Solution 1.5:
a). b).
𝑡𝑡𝑤𝑤
40 = 100 Off State = 500 - 200
500
= 300 ms
40(500)
𝑡𝑡𝑤𝑤 = = 200 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
100
(module: page 18) 41
Timing diagram
A timing diagram is used to show the relationship
between two or more digital waveforms,
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
At time 8, all
Clock A, B, and C LOW
0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
A
0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0
B
0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0
C
A diagram like this can be observed
directly on a logic analyzer.
Resource: Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th Edition 42
Bit time 3 Bit time 7
Clock
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
A = ?, B = ?, C = ? A, B, and C HIGH
A = 1,
A and B = HIGH = 1, B = 1,
C = LOW = 0 C = 1
Resource: Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th Edition 43
0 1 0
0 0 1
1 0 1
0 1 1
Exercise: Complete the
truth table. 0 0 0
Resource: Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th Edition 44
Data Transfer
1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0
t0 t1 t2 t3 t4 t5 t6 t7
Computer Modem
Serial data
Data can be
transmitted by 1
either serial Computer 0 Printer
transfer 1
or parallel transfer. 1
Parallel data
0
0
t0 t1
Resource: Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th Edition 45
46
Introduction
• What is logic?
– is something related to human reasoning,
– where input is provided to a system or
mathematical operation and outputs are provided
based on those inputs
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Introduction
• 1854
– George Boole ( Irish mathematician ) developed
mathematical proofs regarding logic.
• 1938
– Claude Shannon, applied George Boole's ‘Boolean
Algebra' to the analysis of electrical circuits
– and that's kind of where the digital electronics started
48
Basic logic function
True only if all input
conditions are true.
True only if one or more
input conditions are true.
Indicates the opposite
condition (inverter).
Resource: Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th Edition 49
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51
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Logic Gates:
Summary
XNOR
Resource: http://www.chem.uoa.gr/applets/appletgates/Images/Image1.gif 53
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Resource: Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th Edition 57
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http://www.chinese-symbols.com
http://www.ehow.com/how_7162480_convert-ascii-values-visual-basic.html
http://facebooksmileysinfo.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/Smiley-
Facebook-emoticons.jpg
http://allenmathblog.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/integers.jpg
http://depositphotos.com/2746252/stock-illustration-Arabic-alphabet.html
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http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/60ecse8t(v=vs.80).aspx
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HIGH
9 Encoder
8
7
6 Binary code
The encoding function 5
4
3
for 9 used for
storage and/or
computation
2
7 8 9 1
4 5 6 0
1 2 3
0 . +/–
Calculator keypad
The decoding function Decoder
Binary input
7-segment display
Resource: Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th Edition 62
Multiplexer Demultiplexer
A D
Data from Data from Data from Data from
A to D B to E C to F A to D
∆t1 ∆t1
∆t1 ∆t2 ∆t3 ∆t 1
B E
∆t2 ∆t2
∆t3 ∆t3
C F
Switching Switching
sequence sequence
control input control input
Resource: Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th Edition 63
Flip-flop
Semiconductor
Memories
Optical Memories
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Examples:
Counter Parallel
output lines Binary Binary Binary Binary Binary
code code code code code
1 2 3 4 5 for 1 for 2 for 3 for 4 for 5
Input pulses
Sequence of binary codes that represent
the number of input pulses counted.
Resource: Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th Edition 66
67
An example of laboratory prototyping is shown. The
circuit is wired using DIP chips and tested.
DIP
chips
In this case, testing
can be done by a
computer connected to
the system.
(Dual In-line Package)
Resource: Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th Edition 68
DIP chips and surface mount chips
Pin 1
Dual in-line package Small outline IC
(DIP) (SOIC)
Resource: Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th Edition 69
Other surface mount technology (SMT)
packages:
End view End view End view
SOIC PLCC LCCC
(Small-outline IC) (Leadless Ceramic
(Plastic Leaded
Chip Carrier) Chip Carrier)
Resource: Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th Edition 70
Printed Circuit Board ( PCB)
IC and conventional Surface Mount PCB
through-hole technology
http://www.pcb-manufacturers.co.uk/pcb-production-examples-c.html
http://jeelabs.org/tag/teardown/ https://neuromorphs.net/ws2007/wiki/smd
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Integrated circuit
Cutaway view of DIP (Dual-In-line Pins) chip:
Plastic
Chip case
Pins
Resource: Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th Edition 72
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http://www.rkonlinestore.co.uk/556-dual-timer-ic-16-
pin-dip-pack-of-4-391-p.asp
http://www.ebay.com/itm/10pcs-IC-TP5089N-DIP-16-PIN-TP5089-/310306081949
http://electroschematics.com/6529/7400-datasheet/
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http://www.visual6502.org/images/263P/S
SI_263P_8404_chip1_package_top.jpg
http://www.nysemagazine.com/lsicorp
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(Transistor-transistor Logic)
(Emitter-Coupled Logic)
(Complementary Metal–Oxide–Semiconductor)
(N-Type Metal–Oxide–Semiconductor)
(Bipolar and Metal–Oxide–Semiconductor)
CMOS –
http://www.creativeplanetnetwork.com/dcp/news/cmos
-technology-primer/40995
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Resource: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/
Altera_MAX_7128_2500_gate_CPLD.jpg/300px-Altera_MAX_7128_2500_gate_CPLD.jpg 80
Resource: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/
Altera_StratixIVGX_FPGA.jpg/300px-Altera_StratixIVGX_FPGA.jpg
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Resource: Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th Edition 82
