Linux Basic Command on Backtrack 5 R3

sunnykumaron9:33AM

Hel l o! ! Fr i ends Backt r ack 5 R3 i s one of t he Li nux oper at i ng syst emso we

can oper at e Backt r ack wi t h Li nux common command. Lear ni ng Li nux oper at i ng
syst emi s ver y easy and you must f ami l i ar wi t h t he uni x commands i f you
want use Backt r ack 5 R3. Her e I ampost some common Li nux commands whi ch
wi l l be used on Backt r ack 5.

More Commands

ls

l i st : l i st . I t shows t he cont ent s of t he f ol der we i ndi cat e l at er . For

exampl e. I f we want t o show us what ' s i n / et c:

# Ls / et c

I f we do not i nt er pr et anyt hi ng what we want t o see i s t he cont ent s of t he

f ol der wher e we ar e t oday:

# Ls

To di spl ay al l f i l es and f ol der s, i ncl udi ng hi dden:

# Ls- a

To di spl ay t he f i l es and f ol der s al ong wi t h t he r i ght s you have, what

occupi es, et c:

# Ls- l

I f we want ed t o di spl ay t he f i l es i n t he same way as bef or e, but al so

showi ng t he hi dden:

# Ls- l a
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
CD

change di r ect or y: change di r ect or y. We can use i t wi t h absol ut e or r el at i ve

pat hs. On t he whol e we i ndi cat e absol ut e pat h f r om t he r oot ( / ) . For
exampl e, wher ever we ar e, i f we wr i t e i n consol e . . .

# Cd / et c / apt . . . we t ake t hat f ol der di r ect l y.

# Cd / . . . send us t o t he r oot of t he f i l esyst em.

Rel at i ve pat hs ar e r el at i ve t o somet hi ng, and t hat somet hi ng i s t he f ol der

wher e we ar e now. For exampl e i f we ar e on / home and want t o go t o a
t empor ar y f ol der cal l ed wi t hi n our per sonal f ol der .

# Cd t u_car pet a / t empor al

We avoi ded t he / home ear l y because ot her wi se we i nt r oduce dr aws on t he

di r ect or y wher e you ar e.

# Cd

What t hi s does i s i t t akes you di r ect l y t o your per sonal f ol der and
wher ever we ar e, i s r eal l y ver y pr act i cal , ver y si mpl e and t hat not
ever yone knows.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - mkdir

make di r ect or y: make di r ect or y. Cr eat e a f ol der wi t h t he name t hat you

i ndi cat e. We may use absol ut e and r el at i ve pat hs. We can t el l you t he whol e
pat h t hat pr ecedes t he di r ect or y we want t o cr eat e, or i f we ar e i n t he
f ol der t hat wi l l cont ai n j ust enough t o put t he name:

# Mkdi r / home / your _account / cucumber

I f we ar e i n / home / your _account . . .

# Mkdi r cucumber
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
rm

r emove: del et e. Cl ear s t he f i l e or f ol der t hat you i ndi cat e. As bef or e you
can ent er t he f ul l pat h and f i l e name. Thi s f r om now we wi l l i gnor e, I
t hi nk i t has become cl ear wi t h t he t wo pr evi ous commands.

To del et e a f i l e: # r mf i l ename

To del et e an empt y f ol der : # r mf ol der name

To del et e a f ol der cont ai ni ng f i l es and / or ot her f ol der s:

# Rm- r f ol der name

Ot her opt i ons: " - f " does not ask f or conf i r mat i on t o del et e or " - v" shows
what cl ear s.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
cp

copy: copy. Copy t he f i l e i ndi cat ed wher e you say. Her e we can al so pl ay
wi t h r out es f or bot h t he sour ce f i l e, as i n t he dest i nat i on. You can al so
put t he name you want t o gi ve t he copy. For exampl e, i f we wer e i n /
et c/ X11 and woul d l i ke t o make a backup of xor g. conf i n our per sonal
f ol der :

# Cp xor g. conf / home / t u_car pet a / xor g. conf . backup

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
mv

move: move. Same as above, onl y i nst ead of maki ng a copy, di r ect l y dr i ves
t he f i l e as you i ndi cat e, can be ot her t han t he or i gi nal :

# Mv / et c / pepi no. ht ml / home / t u_car pet a / ese_pepi no. ht ml

Anot her ver y pr act i cal use t hat can be gi ven i s t o r ename a f i l e. Si mpl y
i ndi cat e t he new name i n t he second ar gument wi t h t he same pat h f i r st . I n
t hi s exampl e we assume t hat we ar e i n t he f ol der t hat cont ai ns:

# Mv pepi no. ht ml ese_pepi no. ht ml

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
find

f i nd: f i nd. Fi nd t he f i l e or f ol der t hat you speci f y:

# Fi nd / - name cucumber

The above command woul d l ook ever ywher e f ol der s and f i l es cal l ed cucumber .
I f we wer e conf i dent t hat i s l ocat ed at / var eg i t i ndi car amos:

# Fi nd / var - name cucumber

I f we' r e not sur e of t he name can i ndi cat e i t wi t h wi l dcar ds. Suppose we
seek name cont ai ns " Pepi " i n t he same f ol der as bef or e:

# Fi nd / var - name * pepi *

You have ot her opt i ons. For exampl e we can t el l you f i nd t he f i l es /

f ol der s over 1500 KB:

# Fi nd / - si ze +1500

Or t he f i l es / f ol der s cont ai ni ng t he name " Pepi " and have l ess t han 1000
KB:

# Fi nd / - name *- si ze pepi * - 1000

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
clear

cl ear : cl ear . Cl ear s t he scr een / consol e.

# Cl ear
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
ps

Pr ocess St at us: st at us of pr ocesses. I t shows us what we want t o know about

t he pr ocesses r unni ng on your syst em. Each pr ocess i s i dent i f i ed by a
number cal l ed PI D. I f we pl ace . . .

# Ps- A

. . . Wi l l show a l i st i ng of al l pr ocesses, t hei r PI D t o t he l ef t and t o t he

r i ght name. I f you want mor e i nf or mat i on:

# Ps aux

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
kill

ki l l : ki l l . El i mi nat es t he pr ocess we i ndi cat e wi t h PI D:

# Ki l l

Somet i mes t he pr ocess does not " di e" at al l , but you can f or ce t he syst em
t o saf el y ki l l hi mas f ol l ows:

# Ki l l - 9
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
sudo

super - user do: do as r oot . The user account i n Ubunt u i s r el at i vel y nor mal .
Have admi ni st r at or r i ght s t o hal f . I mean, i t does, but ever y t i me you do
somet hi ng i mpor t ant and syst emi c r i sk, i t must be done by t he pr ef i x " sudo"
and t hen t ypi ng t he passwor d.

For exampl e, somet hi ng we have done many t i mes i n t he t ut or i al s i s t o make

a backup of t he xor g. conf f i l e. I t i s l ocat ed i n t he / et c/ X11 and t hat any
user can change or del et e anyt hi ng i f you ar e not an admi ni st r at or or have
r i ght s as such, t hanks t o sudo. So we al ways di d:

# Sudo cp / et c/ X11/ xor g. conf / et c/ X11/ xor g. conf

Whenever we need t o make a apt - get / apt i t ude updat e or i nst al l and act i ons
of t hi s ki nd, we have t o put bef or e t he " sudo" .
passwd

passwor d: passwor d. Thi s command can change t he passwor d f or our account .

Fi r st we asked t he cur r ent passwor d as a secur i t y measur e. Then pr ompt s you
t o ent er t wi ce t he new passwor d.

# Passwd
his

super - user : r oot . By " t hei r " we l oguear nos as r oot . Af t er wr i t i ng i t wi l l

ask f or t he r oot passwor d and we as admi ni st r at or .

# Su

Thi s command al so al l ows you t o l ogi n wi t h a di f f er ent account . For

exampl e, i magi ne we have anot her account , besi des r oot and our s, cal l ed
" guest " . To l ogi n as such woul d be suf f i ci ent t o:

# Hi s guest

and t hen ent er t he passwor d f or t hat account .

sudo passwd

Thanks t o t he combi nat i on of t hese t wo commands you can change t he r oot

passwor d ( t he super - user ) .

# Sudo passwd
man

manual : manual . ' s anot her power f ul commands i n l i nux. Pr ogr amor command i s
nor mal l y comes wi t h a compl et e hel p f i l e on t hei r use and t hei r ar gument s.
When desconozci s how i t i s used and what ar gument s have a command or
appl i cat i on you onl y have t o t ype i n consol e:

# Man named

Somet i mes t he i nf or mat i on you pr ovi de us man can become excessi ve. Al most
al l commands and appl i cat i ons accept t he ar gument " - hel p" t o di spl ay mor e
summar i zed some hel p. For exampl e wi t h apt i t ude:

# Apt i t ude - hel p

EXPLORING THE FILE SYSTEM

The f i l e syst em i s a col l ect i on of f i l es and t he di r ect or y hi er ar chy of

your syst em. Among t he mai n di r ect or i es ar e:

/ Bin
/ Bi n st ands f or bi nar i es or execut abl es. I t i s home t o most of t he
essent i al syst em. Most ( i f not al l ) of t he f i l es i n / bi n wi t h an ast er i sk
( *) appended t o t hei r names. Thi s i ndi cat es t hat t hey ar e execut abl e f i l es.

/ Dev
The f i l es i n / dev ar e known as devi ce dr i ver s ( devi ce dr i ver s) and ar e
used t o access syst em devi ces and r esour ces such as har d dr i ves, modems,
memor y, et c. .

/ Etc
/ Et c cont ai ns a number of syst emconf i gur at i on f i l es. These i ncl ude / et c
/ passwd ( t he user dat abase) , / et c / r c ( syst em i ni t i al i zat i on scr i pt s,
et c. ) .

/ Sbin
/ Sbi n i s used t o st or e essent i al syst em t hat wi l l use t he same
admi ni st r at or
.
/ Home
/ Home cont ai ns t he user s' home di r ect or i es. For exampl e, / home / user i s
t he user di r ect or y. On a newl y i nst al l ed syst em, t her e i s no user i n t hi s
di r ect or y.

/ Lib
/ Li b cont ai ns t he shar ed l i br ar y i mages. These f i l es cont ai n code t hat
shar e many pr ogr ams. I nst ead of each pr ogr amcont ai ni ng i t s own copy of t he
shar ed r out i nes, t hey ar e st or ed i n a common pl ace i n / l i b. Thi s makes
execut abl e f i l es smal l er and saves space on di sk.

/ Proc
pr oc i s a " vi r t ual f i l e syst em" . Fi l es t hat ar e st or ed i n memor y cont ai ns,
not on di sk. They r ef er t o var i ous pr ocesses r unni ng on t he syst em, and
al l ow you t o get i nf or mat i on about whi ch pr ogr ams and pr ocesses ar e r unni ng
at any gi ven t i me.

/ Tmp
Many pr ogr ams have a need t o gener at e some i nf or mat i on and st or e i t i n a
t empor ar y f i l e. The l ocat i on f or t hese f i l es i s / t mp

/ Usr
/ Usr di r ect or y i s ver y i mpor t ant . I t cont ai ns a number of subdi r ect or i es
i n t ur n cont ai n some of t he most i mpor t ant and usef ul pr ogr ams and
conf i gur at i on f i l es used i n t he syst em.

The di r ect or i es descr i bed above ar e essent i al f or t he syst em t o be

oper at i onal , but most of t he t hi ngs t hat ar e i n / usr ar e opt i onal f or t he
syst em. Anyway, ar e t hose opt i onal t hi ngs t hat make t he syst em usef ul and
i nt er est i ng.

/ Var
/ Var cont ai ns di r ect or i es t hat of t en change t hei r si ze and t end t o gr ow.



COMMAND LIST
LINUX Commands
1 ac
Pr i nt st at i st i cs about t he t i me t hey have been connect ed
user s.
2 adduser See user add.
3 al i as Cr eat e shor t cut s t o commands, l i st cur r ent al i ases.
4 apt - get
Tool act ual i zacn / r emot e i nst al l at i on packages i n debi an
based syst ems.
5 ar p
Let s get / mani pul at e t he l i st of MAC / I P addr esses t hat
t he syst emsees.
6 ar pi ng Sends ARP REQUEST t o ot her comput er s on t he net wor k.
7 ar pt abl es
Fi r ewal l f unct i ons si mi l ar t o cont r ol i pt abl es but ar p
pr ot ocol t r af f i c.
8 at Wor k pr ogr am, commands, scr i pt s f or l at er execut i on.
9 at q Li st schedul ed j obs pendi ng execut i on by t he at command.
10 awk Anal ysi s and pr ocessi ng pat t er ns i n f i l es and l i st i ngs.
11 basename Del et e t he pat h name of a f i l e.
12 bc Cal cul at or and mat hemat i cal l anguage, ver y power f ul .
13 bi osdecode BI OS i nf or mat i on.
14 bl ki d
Di spl ays at t r i but es of bl ock devi ces ( di sks, usb, et c. . )
Such as LABEL and UUI D, among ot her s.
15 bzcat Uncompr ess f i l es usi ng bzi p2 compr essed or packaged.
16 bzi p2 Compr essor / decompr essor f i l es.
17 bzmor e Vi ew t he ar chi ve cont ent s or packaged usi ng bzi p2.
18 l i me Di spl ays a cal endar .
19 cat Di spl ays t he cont ent s of f i l es and concat enat es f i l es.
20 CD Change di r ect or y.
21 cf di sk Di sk par t i t i oni ng t ool , mai nl y used on Debi an syst ems.
22 chage
Change t he i nf or mat i on ( expi r at i on, r evocat i on, et c. ) of a
user ' s passwor d.
23 chat t r Change ext ended at t r i but es of f i l es and di r ect or i es
24 chf n Change t he i nf or mat i on used i n f i nger .
25 chgr p Changes t he gr oup of a f i l e ( s) or f ol der ( s) .
26 chkconf i g
Cont r ol s / quer y how ser vi ces ar e r unni ng or not on
st ar t up.
27 chmod Change t he per mi ssi ons of a f i l e ( s) or f ol der ( s) .
28 chown Changes t he owner of a f i l e ( s) or f ol der ( s) .
29 chpasswd
Upgr ade passwor ds or passwor ds i n bat ch mode. Passwor ds can
updat e user gr oups.
30 chr oot
Execut e commands i n a r est r i ct ed shel l r oot t o a di r ect or y
and i t s subdi r ect or i es.
31 chsh Change your def aul t shel l or l ogi n shel l .
32 cl eanl i nks
Cl eans syml i nks unr el at ed and al so r emoves empt y
di r ect or i es.
33 cl ear Cl ean t he t er mi nal .
34 cmp Compar es t wo f i l es byt e by byt e.
35 conver t quot a
Conver t s f r omol d f or mat s quot a. gr oup quot a. user and new
f or mat s and aquot a. gr oup aquot a. user .
36 cpi o
Copy, cr eat e, and ext r act compr essed f i l es i n di f f er ent
f or mat s and bet ween t eams or l ocal l y.
37 cr ont ab Manage f i l es and cr on f or r oot user s.
38 cur l Al l ows you t o downl oad or t r ansf er ur l ' s.
39 cut
Removes sect i ons ( col umns mai nl y) of each l i ne of a f i l e or
f i l es.
40 dat e Di spl ays / set s t he dat e and t i me.
41 dc I nt er act i ve Cal cul at or .
42 dd Conver t and copy f i l es and f i l e syst ems.
43 ddat e Di spl ays t he dat e i n cal endar f or mat j ar r i ng.
44 df Di spl ays space usage of har d dr i ves or par t i t i ons.
45 di f f Sear ch and show di f f er ences bet ween f i l es.
46 di g Pr ops f or quer yi ng DNS ser ver s.
47 di r col or s Col or set up f or l s.
48 di r s
Al l ows you t o di spl ay, mani pul at e t he l i st of di r ect or i es
used i n t he st ack. ( See popd and pushd)
49 dmesg Di spl ays messages syst emst ar t up ( boot ) .
50 dmi decode Li st of comput er har dwar e BI OS di r ect l y. ( Al so: l shw)
51 dos2uni x Conver t s f i l es f r omMS- DOS t o Uni x f or mat / Li nux.
52 du Di spl ays space usage of f i l es and di r ect or i es.
53 dump
Al l ows cr eat i on of backups f or t he f i l e syst ems ext 2 and
ext 3.
54 ECHO Pr i nt s a l i ne of t ext , var i abl es, or cont ent t o a f i l e.
55 edquot a Manages di sk quot a cont r ol user and gr oup.
56 egr ep I t ' s l i ke t he ' gr ep- E' , t o use r egul ar expr essi ons.
57 ej ect Unmount and ej ect r emovabl e medi a such as CD- ROMs.
58 env Run a pr ogr ami n a modi f i ed envi r onment .
59 et ht ool Al l ows you t o di spl ay or change val ues of a net wor k car d.
60 exi t Exi t s t he cur r ent shel l or t er mi nal .
61 expect
Cr eat e sequences and di al ogues wi t h ot her i nt er act i ve
sessi ons pr ogr ammed commands or scr i pt s.
62 expor t Expor t s t he val ue of a var i abl e.
63 expor t f s
Mai nt ai ns a l i st of f i l e syst ems NFS t ype whi ch have been
expor t ed.
64 expr Mat hemat i cal expr essi on eval uat or .
65 f act or Fi nd t he pr i mes of a gi ven number .
66 f c Li st , edi t and r eej ecut a pr evi ousl y execut ed commands.
67 f di sk Di sk par t i t i oni ng t ool , common t o al most al l di st r os.
68 f gr ep
I t ' s l i ke ' gr ep- F' t o use r egul ar expr essi ons i n f i l e
sear ches and l i st i ngs.
69 f i l e Det er mi nes t he f i l e t ype.
70 f i nd Fi l e sear ch, mul t i pl e sear ch opt i ons.
71 f i ndf s Fi nd a f i l esyst emby UUI D or LABEL ( l abel ) .
72 f i ndsmb
Li st i nf or mat i on about comput er s t hat r espond t o SMB
packet s. Li st a Wi ndows net wor k. ( Par t Samba)
73 f i nger Di spl ays i nf or mat i on about t he syst emuser s.
74 For t une Pr i nt s a r andomadage.
75 f pi ng
Let s send I CMP packet s ( pi ngs) t o mul t i pl e comput er s on a
net wor k and det er mi ne i f t hey ar e al i ve or not .
76 f r ee Shows t he used and f r ee space of RAM and Swap.
77 f sck Tool t o ver i f y / r epai r f i l e syst ems.
78 f user I dent i f y pr ocesses usi ng f i l es or connect i ons ( socket s) .
79 gawk
Anal ysi s and pr ocessi ng pat t er ns i n f i l es and l i st i ngs.
( Gnu ver si on)
80 gcc C compi l er and GNU C + +.
81 gedi t GNOME t ext edi t or .
82 gpasswd Enabl es management of t he f i l e / et c / gr oup
83 gpg
Tool gener at i on encr ypt i on and secur i t y cer t i f i cat es
( opengpg) .
84 gr ep Look f or pat t er ns of st r i ngs wi t hi n f i l es.
85 gr oupadd Cr eat e a new gr oup i n t he syst em.
86 gr oupdel Del et es a gr oup i n t he syst em.
87 gr oupmod Modi f i es a gr oup on t he syst em.
88 gr oups Pr i nt s t he gr oups t o whi ch a user bel ongs.
89 gzi p Compr esses / expands f i l es.
90 hal t Tur n of f t he comput er .
91 hdpar m Set s and di spl ays f eat ur es on t he har d dr i ves.
92 head Di spl ays t he f i r st l i nes of a f i l e.
93 hel p Hel p on bash i nt er nal commands.
94 hi st or y Di spl ays t he user ' s command hi st or y.
95 host Ut i l i t y consul t i ng DNS ser ver host .
96 host name Di spl ays t he comput er name.
97 ht passwd
Manage f i l es of user / passwor d f or basi c aut hent i cat i on of
Apache.
98 hwcl ock
Di spl ays / Set s t he dat e / t i me changes or har dwar e. ( Dat e
/ Ti me Syst emt o dat e)
99 i d Di spl ays t he UI D ( User I D) and GI D ( Gr oup I D) of t he user
100 i f conf i g Di spl ays / Conf i gur es t he syst em' s net wor k i nt er f aces.
101 i f st at
Smal l ut i l i t y t hat al l ows t o obser ve st at i st i cs of net wor k
i nt er f aces i n r eal t i me.
102 i ni t I ni t i al i zat i on cont r ol ej ecucci n l evel .
103 i nsmod Modul es i nser t ed i n t he ker nel .
104 i pcal c Per f or msi mpl e cal cul at i ons on I P addr esses.
105 i pcount I dent i f yi ng r anges of net wor k, I P' s cal cul at i on.
106 i pt ab Di spl ays an I P addr ess t abl e pr ef i x accor di ng t o CI DR
107 i pt abl es Fi r ewal l conf i gur at i on t ool f or Li nux.
108 i pt r af Net wor k t r af f i c anal yzer i n t ext mode.
109 i wconf i g Set up a wi r el ess net wor k car d.
110 i wl i st Get s det ai l s of a wi r el ess car d.
111 j obs Di spl ays user j obs i n suspensi on or backgr ound.
112 kat e KDE Text Edi t or .
113 ki l l
Ter mi nat es pr ocesses, mor e cor r ect l y sends si gnal s t o
pr ocesses.
114 ki l l al l End pr ocesses wi t h t he same name or gr oup.
115 l ast Di spl ays i nf or mat i on f r ompast user s l ogged.
116 l ast b
Di spl ays i nf or mat i on f r omt he pr evi ous f ai l ed at t empt s t o
l ogi n.
117 l ess
Di spl ays t he cont ent s of an ar chi ve, sear chabl e and
movement back and f or t h.
118 l n
Cr eat e l i nks ( shor t cut s) sof t and har d f i l es and
di r ect or i es.
119 l ocal e Speci f i c i nf or mat i on about t he l ocal envi r onment var i abl es.
120 l ocat e I ndexes and sear ches f i l es. Sl ocat e saf er t o use.
121 l oset up Def i nes and cont r ol s devi ces such as ' l oop' .
122 l pq Sampl e document s f or pr i nt i ng i n t he pr i nt queue.
123 l pr Add a document t o t he pr i nt queue.
124 l s Li st f i l es and di r ect or i es.
125 l shw Li st of comput er har dwar e BI OS di r ect l y. ( Al so: dmi decode)
126 l smod Di spl ays t he st at us of t he modul es i n t he ker nel .
127 l sof
Di spl ays open f i l es i n ej ecucci n pr ogr am, or a user ,
pr ocess, et c.
128 l spci Li st PCI devi ces i n t he syst em.
129 l susb Li st syst emusb devi ces.
130 mai l Send and r ecei ve emai l .
131 man Command di spl ays t he manual i ndi cat ed.
132 mc
Handl er ar chvi vos wi t h mouse suppor t i n t ext mode, not
ever y di st r o I have.
133 mcedi t Mc t ext edi t or .
134 md5sum Check ( and cr eat es) f i l es wi t h md5 si gnat ur e cer t i f i cat i on.
135 mkdi r Cr eat e di r ect or i es.
136 mkf s Bui l d a Li nux f i l e syst em.
137 mkpasswd Passwor d gener at or . ( Sof t war e Package ' expect ' ) .
138 modi nf o Di spl ays i nf or mat i on about ker nel modul es.
139 modpr obe Tool t o add / r emove ker nel modul es.
140 mor e
Pager si mi l ar t o but l ess f unci oanal l ess as i t comes
f or war d and r et ocede.
141 mount Mont a st or age par t i t i ons enabl ed devi ces l i st ed.
142 mt ool s Set of ut i l i t i es t o access DOS di sks f r omLi nux.
143 mv Moves f i l es and di r ect or i es.
144 net st at
Net wor k Ut i l i t y showi ng connect i ons, r out i ng t abl es,
i nt er f ace st at i st i cs, et c. .
145 ni ce Run a pr ogr amwi t h a pr i or i t y ot her t han nor mal ej ecucci n.
146 nohup
Runs a pr ogr ami mmune t o hangups and wi t hout access t o a
t er mi nal .
147 openssl Cont r ol , management , secur i t y cer t i f i cat e gener at i on.
148 par t pr obe
Tel l s t he oper at i ng syst emt o t he changes ment i oned i n /
et c / f st ab
149 passwd Changes t he speci f i ed user ' s passwor d.
150 pi ng
Send an ECHO_REQUEST ( echo r equest ) t o a comput er on t he
net wor k.
151 pki l l Send si gnal s t o pr ocesses based on t hei r at t r i but es.
152 popd
Removes ent r i es ( di r ect or i es used) f r omt he l i st of
di r ect or i es used i n t he st ack. ( See di r s and pushd)
153 pr For mat or conver t t ext f i l es f or pr i nt i ng.
154 ps Di spl ays syst empr ocesses or user or bot h.
155 pst r ee Di spl ays pr ocesses as a t r ee.
156 pushd
Adds ent r i es ( di r ect or i es used) i n t he di r ect or y l i st
( st ack or st ack) . ( See di r s and popd)
157 pwck Check t he i nt egr i t y of t he f i l e / et c / passwd
158 pwconv Add shadow pr ot ect i on or set s t he f i l e / et c / passwd.
159 quot a You can see t he use of user f ees.
160 quot acheck Cr eat e, ver i f y, manage di sk quot a syst ems
161 quot aof f Deact i vat es di sk quot as.
162 quot aon Act i ve cont r ol di sk quot as f or user s and gr oups.
163 r deskt op Open gr aphi cs t er mi nal s has? I a Wi ndows comput er s.
164 r eboot Rest ar t t he comput er .
165 r eni ce Changes t he pr i or i t y of a pr ocess or pr ogr amej ecucci n.
166 r epquot a Repor t use of di sk quot as.
167 r esol vei p Sol ve t he i p or host domai n i ndi cat ed.
168 r ev Rever ses t he l i nes of a f i l e.
169 r m Del et es or r emoves f i l es.
170 r out e Di spl ays / changes t he I P r out i ng t abl e.
171 r pm
Pr ogr ami nst al l at i on / updat e / r emovi ng packages, r edhat
based di st r os.
172 r unl evel Di spl ays t he cur r ent r un l evel and pr evi ous syst em.
173 scp
Copy f i l es bet ween comput er s, par t of t he package openssh
( encr ypt ed communi cat i on pr ot ocol ) .
174 scr een Vi r t ual t er mi nal manager .
175 t hi r st Edi t or onl i ne f i l e f i l t er s and t r ansf or ms.
176 ser vi ce Run / st op ser vi ces manual l y.
177 set
Di spl ays or set s t he envi r onment var i abl es f or t he user
act uual .
178 sha1sum Check ( and cr eat es) f i l es sha1 si gnat ur e cer t i f i cat i on.
179 shopt Enabl es or di sabl es var i abl es shel l opt i onal behavi or .
180 shr ed Del et e f i l es secur el y and unr ecover abl e.
181 shut down Tur n of f or r est ar t your comput er .
182 sor t Sor t l i nes of f i l es and pl ayl i st s
183 ss Pr ops l i ke net st at but basi c socket set f ast l i st i ngs.
184 ssh
Secur e r emot e l ogi n pr ogr am, openssh package pr ogr am
( encr ypt ed communi cat i on pr ot ocol ) .
185 st ar t x Log X.
186 hi s Change t he cur r ent user i ndi cat ed.
187 sudo Al l ows user r uns i ndi cat e t hat r oot commands.
188 sync For za memor y bl ocks t o di sk, updat e t he super bl ock.
189 t ac As cat shows and / or concat enat ed f i l es i n r ever se.
190 t ai l Di spl ays t he end of a f i l e.
191 t ai l f
Synonymt ai l - f command, l et s you see i n r eal t i me t he end
of a f i l e, i e as you t ype, usef ul f or moni t or i ng l ogs.
192 t ar Tool packer / compr essor f i l es.
193 t est par m Check samba smb. conf f i l e f or er r or s or cor r ect i ons.
194 t i me
Ret ur ns t he t i me t hat you r an t he command or pr ogr am
i ndi cat ed.
195 t op Di spl ays syst empr ocesses i nt er act i vel y and cont i nuousl y.
196 t ouch
Cr eat e empt y f i l es, change access dat es and / or
modi f i cat i on of f i l es.
197 t put Change val ues or t er mi nal capabi l i t i es, based on t er mi nf o.
198 t r acer out e Pr i nt s t he r out e net wor k packet s t o t he dest i nat i on.
199 t t y Pr i nt t he name of t he t er mi nal on whi ch t hi s.
200 t zsel ect Set an ar ea or zone.
201 umask Set per mi ssi ons mask when cr eat i ng di r ect or i es and f i l es.
202 umount Unmount f i l e syst ems.
203 unal i as Removes al i as command, cr eat ed wi t h t he al i as command.
204 uname Di spl ays syst emi nf or mat i on.
205 uni q Omi t s or r epor t s on r epeat ed l i nes i n a f i l e or l i st i ng.
206 uni t s
Conver t er uni t s f r omone syst emt o anot her , suppor t s dozens
of met r i cs.
207 up2dat e
Upgr ade Tool / r emot e i nst al l at i on package ( used i n r edhat ,
cent os) .
208 upt i me Shows how l ong has t ur ned on t he comput er .
209 ur pme Ur pmi package pr ogr amt o uni nst al l or r emove packages.
210 ur pmi
Upgr ade Tool / r emot e i nst al l at i on packages, r pmbased
di st r os ( used i n mandr i va) .
211 user add Add user s.
212 user del Removes user s.
213 user mod Modi f i es user i nf or mat i on.
214 user s
Di spl ays t he user names of al l user s cur r ent l y connect ed t o
t he syst em.
215 vi
Di spl ay vi sual edi t or , t ext edi t or , you f i nd i n al l Li nux
di st r os.
216 vi m Same as vi but i mpr oved.
217 vi sudo Edi t or f or t he conf i gur at i on f i l e / et c / sudoer s sudo.
218 vmst at Pr ovi des i nf or mat i on on vi r t ual memor y.
219 w Shows who i s connect ed t o t he syst emand you ar e doi ng.
220 wal l Send a message t o al l t er mi nal s.
221 war nquot a
Conf i gur e / et c / war nquot a. conf t o compl ement messages f or
di sk quot as.
222 wc Account wor ds, l i nes, char act er s f r oma f i l e or l i st i ng.
223 wget Fi l e Downl oader f r omt he I nt er net and not i nt er act i ve.
224 what i s Shor t descr i pt i on, i n a l i ne of a command or pr ogr am.
225 wher ei s
Locat e t he bi nar y, sour ce and / or l i br ar i es, and
document at i on of a comado.
226 Whi ch Shows t he f ul l pat h of a command.
227 who Shows who i s connect ed t o t he syst em.
228 whoami Di spl ays t he cur r ent user .
229 xhost Access cont r ol f or X sessi ons
230 xki l l Mat a or ends t o an X cl i ent , i e a gr aphi cs pr ogr am.
231 yes
Pr i nt s a st r i ng r epeat edl y unt i l t er mi nat ed or ki l l ed t he
command.
232 yum
Upgr ade Tool / r emot e i nst al l at i on packages, r pmbased
di st r os ( used i n f edor a, r edhat and der i vat i ves) .
233 zcat
Unzi p / sampl e f i l es compr essed wi t h gunzi p ( i dent i cal t o
gunzi p- c)
234 zeni t y Di spl ays var i ous t ypes of di al ogues i n X f r oma t er mi nal .
235 zl ess Di spl ays t he cont ent s of compr essed f i l es.
236 zmor e
Di spl ays t he cont ent s of compr essed f i l es.