Lecture 3

Technologies Enabling Organizational Memory

S.Rosun@uom.ac.mu
Topics
 Technologies responsible for organizational memory,
knowledge repository & structured information
 ERP Systems & Implementations
 Data Warehousing
 Operating Models
 Enterprise Architecture

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Organizational Memory, Data
Model & Data Type
 Organizational Memory
 Storage of information in such a form that it can be later
accessed and used for BI
 Relates to corporate memory, knowledge repository and
institutional memory
 Data Model
 Describes how data is represented and accessed (i.e.
provides definition and format of data)
 Data Types
 Structured Data
 Unstructured Data

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Organizational Memory Capability
 Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
 Refers to transactional systems that capture
organizational memory related to all business processes
that the organization engages in
 Example: Order to cash captures all the transactions in
an organization
 Transactional Systems: capture all the relevant
information for one accounting period (i.e.
month/quarter/year/etc.)
 Data Warehouse: provides the source of data and
information for business intelligence (BI) analysis

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Enterprise Resource Planning
Systems (ERP)
 ERP Systems are software packages composed of
several modules such as human resources, sales,
finance, and production, providing a cross-
organization integration of data through embedded
business processes.
 Manufacturing resource planning or material
requirements planning systems (MRP)
 Control the aspects of:
 Manufacturing
 Procurement of materials
 Delivery and inventory control

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Enterprise Resource Planning
Systems (ERP)-Benefits
 Integrate business processes across the enterprise
 Single database for the whole enterprise
 Access to real time transactional data
 Elimination of costly stand alone legacy systems
 Elimination of complexities
 Provide the infrastructure for organization to improve
management of order fulfilment processes
 Integration of different departments working in the
organization

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(ERP)- Vendors
 The top vendors:
 http://www.softwareadvice.com/erp/
 http://www.erpsoftware360.com/erp-software.htm
 http://www.capterra.com/enterprise-resource-
planning-software/
 http://www.top10erp.org/erp-software-comparison-
cloud-based-saas-platform-566
 http://www.ultraconsultants.com/erp-vendors/erp-
vendors/
 https://www.gartner.com/doc/3046617/market-share-
analysis-erp-software
 There are also open source versions of ERP systems,
including OpenERP, GNU Enterprise, WebERP, etc.
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ERP-Implementation Problems
 Large monetary investments
 Organizational change
 Technical challenges
 Operational problems
 Integrating ERP into existing legacy systems
 Code customization may increase complexity

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ERP-Implementation Success
 Top management commitment
 Strong project management
 Team member skills
 Team member motivation and dedication
 Effective communication
 Effective change management

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ERP-Conflicts
 ERP do not drive innovation
 Tie between ERP & BI is that a standardized integrated
enterprise infrastructure creates better opportunities
for the organization to be more agile and adopt
innovation
 ERP focuses on commoditization
 Standardized infrastructure can focus on using BI to
respond with agility to environmental signals

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Enterprise Systems-Middleware
 Enterprise Application Integration (EAI)
 EAI can parse, duplicate or transform data from an
application to present in an acceptable format
 EAI deals with data integration with legacy systems
 There is no need to redefine business practices

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Data Warehouse
 IBM researchers Devlin & Murphy first described the
concept of data warehouses (DW)
 Copy of transaction data structured for querying and
reporting
 It is a prerequisite to BI since it helps the organization
to obtain value from its data sources by preparing and
storing the enterprise data into a repository designed
to support decision making.

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Data Warehouse-characteristics
 Subject Oriented
 Integrated using
 Operational databases
 Data archives
 Legacy databases
 External data
 Non-volatile
 Time-Variant
 Vendors: Oracle, NCR Teradata, Open Source Versions
like MySQL

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Data Warehouse-Four levels
 DW is an architecture that describes the atomic level
in the enterprise’s data model, which consists of four
levels:
 The operational level of data holds application-
oriented primitive data only and primarily serves the
high-performance transaction-processing community.
 The atomic (or the data warehouse) level of data holds
integrated, historical primitive data that cannot be
updated. In addition, some derived data is found
there.

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Data Warehouse-Four Levels
 The departmental or data mart level of data contains
derived data almost exclusively. The departmental or
data mart level of data is shaped by end-user
requirements into a form specifically suited to the
needs of the department.
 The individual level of data is where much heuristic
analysis is done.
 These different levels of data are the basis of a larger
architecture called the corporate information factory
(CIF).

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Data Warehouse-Four Levels

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Data Warehouse-Four Levels

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Data Modelling Techniques
 Entity-Relational (ER) Modelling
 Corporate Information Factory (CIF)
 Dimensional Modelling

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Dimensional Modelling Process
Flow Diagram

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Dimensional Modelling Process
 Dimensional data model is most often used in data
warehousing systems.
 Terms commonly used in this type of modelling:
 Dimension: A category of information. For example, the time
dimension.
 Attribute: A unique level within a dimension. For example, Month
is an attribute in the Time Dimension.
 Hierarchy: The specification of levels that represents relationship
between different attributes within a dimension. For example, one
possible hierarchy in the Time dimension is Year → Quarter →
Month → Day.
 Fact Table: A fact table is a table that contains the measures of
interest. For example, sales amount would be such a measure. This
measure is stored in the fact table with the appropriate granularity.
For example, it can be sales amount by store by day. In this case, the
fact table would contain three columns: A date column, a store
column, and a sales amount column.
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  Lookup Table: The lookup table provides the detailed information about
the attributes. For example, the lookup table for the Quarter attribute
would include a list of all of the quarters available in the data warehouse.
Each row (each quarter) may have several fields, one for the unique ID that
identifies the quarter, and one or more additional fields that specifies how
that particular quarter is represented on a report (for example, first quarter
of 2001 may be represented as "Q1 2001" or "2001 Q1").
 A dimensional model includes fact tables and lookup tables. Fact
tables connect to one or more lookup tables, but fact tables do not have
direct relationships to one another. Dimensions and hierarchies are
represented by lookup tables. Attributes are the non-key columns in
the lookup tables.
 In designing data models for data warehouses / data marts, the most
commonly used schema types are Star Schema and Snowflake Schema.
 http://www.1keydata.com/datawarehousing/datawarehouse.html

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Technical & Sourcing Challenges
 Abundant technical options
 Changes in technologies and vendors
 Integration requirements
 Knowledge transfer challenges

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Characteristics of a Mature Data
Warehouse
 Data
 Architecture
 Stability of the production environment
 Warehouse staff
 Users
 Impact on users’ skills and jobs
 Applications
 Cost & Benefits
 Organizational impact

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University Experts-Searchable
Answer Generating Environment

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Designing the Enterprise
Architecture
 Firms define their underlying enterprise architecture
by making two important choices about their business
operations units:
 Standardization
 Integration
 Refers to the organizing logic for business processes
and IT infrastructure reflecting the integration and
standardization requirements of the company’s
operating model

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Operating Models-Based on
Standardization and Integration
 See diagram next slide
 The Diversification Model (low standardization, low
integration )
 The Coordination Model (low standardization, high
integration)
 The Replication Model (high standardization, low
integration)
 The Unification Model (high standardization, high
integration)

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Four Operating Models

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Enterprise Architecture
 The IT unit typically defines four levels of architecture
below the enterprise architecture:
 The Business Process Architecture
 The Data or Information Architecture
 The Application Architecture
 The Technology Architecture
 Elements of the Enterprise Architecture
 Core business processes
 Sharing of data driving core processes
 Key linking and automation technologies
 Key customers

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Delta’s Operating Model

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Knowledge Repositories
 Also known as knowledge sharing systems
 Include technologies that support:
 Document management systems
 Digital content management systems
 Enterprise content management systems
 Web content management systems

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Characteristics of Efficient
Knowledge Repositories
 Knowledge owners:
 Knowledge sharing
 Conditions of sharing
 Rewarded for knowledge sharing

 Knowledge seekers:
 Explore possibilities for searching and ranking
 Applicability of explicit knowledge
 Knowledge sharing and learning

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Classification of Knowledge
Repositories
 Incident Report Databases
 Alert Systems
 Best Practice Databases
 Lessons Learned Systems (LLS)
 Expertise Locator Systems

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Differentiation of Knowledge
Repositories
 The differences among the knowledge repositories is
based on:
 Content origin
 Application
 Result
 Orientation

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Types of Knowledge Repositories

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Recap
 Some technologies for memory organisation have been
presented.
 The role of ERP and Data Warehouses in memory
organisation has been highlighted.
 Examples of applications from real life
 Students are encouraged to search for more specific
examples

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End of the Lecture

 Questions / Comments…

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Videos/ Websites
 https://learndatamodeling.com/blog/dimensional-
data-modeling/
 https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-
versions/gg592509(v=msdn.10)

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Open ended/case studies
 What are the six unique, critical success factors for large scale ERP
project implementations?
 What are two reasons why the enterprise needs to create a data
warehouse?
 Describe the challenges around deploying a data warehouse.
 Go to www.teradata.com, and click on Resources, Resource library
then on Demos. Download some of the demos on Active Enterprise
Intelligence. Describe the components in active enterprise intelligence.
What are the advantages they present? Explain with some examples,
from the airlines, call centers, or the financial services industry.
 Using healthcare demos from Teradata, describe how healthcare
organizations could improve quality of service while minimizing costs
using data warehousing and BI.
 Case study: http://lidwa-mozaik.blogspot.fr/2011/01/tektronix-inc-
global-erp-implementation.html

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