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FM - Unit 2 Formula

1) Pascal's law states that pressure at any point in a fluid at rest is equal in all directions. Hydrostatic pressure is equal to the density of the fluid multiplied by gravitational acceleration multiplied by depth. 2) Various types of manometers can be used to measure pressure, including simple manometers, U-tube manometers, and differential manometers. U-tube manometers use the difference in height of two fluids of different densities to measure pressure differences. 3) Flow can be classified as steady or unsteady, uniform or non-uniform, rotational or irrotational, one-dimensional, two-dimensional, or three-dimensional, and laminar or turbulent. The continuity equation relates the flow

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182 views4 pages

FM - Unit 2 Formula

1) Pascal's law states that pressure at any point in a fluid at rest is equal in all directions. Hydrostatic pressure is equal to the density of the fluid multiplied by gravitational acceleration multiplied by depth. 2) Various types of manometers can be used to measure pressure, including simple manometers, U-tube manometers, and differential manometers. U-tube manometers use the difference in height of two fluids of different densities to measure pressure differences. 3) Flow can be classified as steady or unsteady, uniform or non-uniform, rotational or irrotational, one-dimensional, two-dimensional, or three-dimensional, and laminar or turbulent. The continuity equation relates the flow

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anku4frenz
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Unit II
Formula
Pascals Law
Pascals law may be stated as intensity of pressure at a point in a fluid at rest is the same in
all direction

Px = p y = p z
Hydrostatic pressure

P= g Z
Total pressure
P= Specific weight x Area x depth liquid of surface
P = wAx
Centre of pressure
h = IG+ x
Ax

Element

IG = Axis passing through CG


x = Centre of Gravity
A = Area of element

Centre of Gravity
(x)

IG = Axis passing through CG

Triangle






bh3/36

Rectangle






bd3/12

Circle






d4/64

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Pressure measurement by manometer


1)simple manometer
(i) Piezometer (p) = w h ( N/m2 )

where w =g
h = height is the above that point

(ii) U-Tube manometer:


For gauge pressure :
h = h2S2- h1S1
Where,
h1 = ht of light liquid above datum line in left limb
h2 = ht of heavy liquid above datum line in right limb
S1= specific gravity of light liquid
S2= specific gravity of heavy liquid
For vacuum pressure:
h = - (h1S1+ h2S2)
Where,
h1 = ht of light liquid above datum line in left limb
h2 = ht of heavy liquid above datum line in right limb
S1= specific gravity of light liquid
S2= specific gravity of heavy liquid
(iii) Single column manometer:
a) Vertical single column manometer
h = h2S2-h1S1
b) Inclined single column manometer
h = l sin S2- h1S1
2. Differential manometer
(i) U-tube differential manometer:
a. When two pipes are at different level
(hA-hB) = h(S-S1)+h2S2-h1S1

where,
h= difference of mercury level in U-tube

b. When two pipes are at same level


hA-hB = h(S-S1)

notes:

(ii) Inverted U-tube differential manometer


(hA-hB) = h1S1-h2S2-hS

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specific gravity of mercury = 13.6


specific gravity of water = 1

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Types of flow
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.

Steady & unsteady flow


Uniform & non-uniform flow
Rotational & irrotational flow
One , two & three dimensional flow
Laminar & turbulent flow
Compressible & incompressible

Continuity Equation:
(i)

This equation is the general equation of continuity in 3-dimensional is applicable to


compressible or incompressible

  

0
  
(ii)

For Two Dimensional flow ,component w=0,

 

0
 

Stream Function ()
= f (x,y)


u = -





v= 

Continuity equation for 2D flow




 

0
 

/  / 

0


Properties of stream function:
i.
ii.

If exists, possible fluid flow


satisfies Laplace equation, flow is irrotational.

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Velocity potential function ()


The potential function (phi) is defined as the scalar function of space & time such that is
negative derivative with respect to any direction gives the fluid velocity in that direction.
= f(x,y,z)

u= 
 








 


 
!

"







!

Laplace equation for

Properties of potential function:


i.
ii.

exists , fluid flow


satisfies Laplace equation indicates steady incompressible irrotational flow.

Velocity measurement
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.

pitot tube
current meter
hot wire
rot film
anemometer
float technique
laser Doppler

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